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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What part of a gram positive bacteria's cell wall induces TNF and IL-1?
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Teichoic acid
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What parts of a gram negative's outer memberane is the antigen and what part induces TNF and IL-1?
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Lipid A - induces TNF and IL-1; Polysaccharide - is the antigen
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Bacterial capsules are all made up of polysaccharides except which bacteria and what are those bacteria cell walls made up of?
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Except Bacillus anthracis which contains D-glutamate
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Describe the chemical composition of spores
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Keratin like coat; dipicolinic acid
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What is the function of glycocalyx in bacteria? What are they made up of?
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Mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces (e.g. indwelling catheters); Polysaccharide
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What do mycoplasma bacterial cell membranes contain? What do mycobacteria cell walls contain?
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Mycoplasma: sterols. Mycobacteria: mycolic acid
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Identify the six bugs that do not gram stain well
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Treponema, Rickettsia, Mycobacteria, Mycoplasma, Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydia (These Rascalls May Microscopically Lack Color)
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Why can't Mycobacteria be gram stained?
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High lipid content cell wall requires acid-fast stain
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What bugs are stained with Giemsa's stain?
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Borrelia, Plasmodium, trypanosomes, Chlamydia
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What does PAS (periodic Acid-Schiff) stain?
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Glycogen, mucopolysaccharides
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What is PAS used to diagnose?
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Whipple's disease
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What is Ziehl-Neelsen stain used to stain?
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Acid fast bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
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What is India ink used to stain?
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Cryptococcus neoformans
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What is Silver stain used to stain?
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Fungi, Legionella
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What is Thayer-Martin media used to culture?
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N. gonorrhoeae
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What media are used to culture C. diphtheriae
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Tellurite plate, Loffler's media
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What is cultured on Eaton's agar?
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M. pneumoniae
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What is cultured on Eosin-methylene blue agar? Describe the appearance?
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E. coli; blue-black colonies with metallic sheen
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What media is used to culture lactose fermenting enterics?
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Pink colonies on MacConkey's agar
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What media is used to culture M. tuberculosis?
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Lowenstein-Jensen agar
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Name the 4 obligate aerobes
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Nocardia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Bacillus (Nagging Pests Must Breathe)
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Name the 3 obligate anaerobes
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Clostridium, Bacteroides, and Actinomyces; (Anaerobes Can't Breathe Air)
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What two enzymes are obligate anaerobes missing?
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Catalase; Superoxide dismutase
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What two bugs are obligate intracellular?
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Rickettsia, Chlamydia (stay inside when it is Really Cold)
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What eight bugs are facultative intracellular?
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Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Franciscella, Legionella, Yersinia (Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY)
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What four bugs are encapsulated?
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Strpetococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Some Nasties Have Kapsules)
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What are the four bugs that are urease-positive?
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Proteus, Klebsiella, H. pylori, Ureaplasma (Particular Kinds Have Urease)
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What is the function of S. aureus protein A?
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Binds Fc region of Ig. Disrupts opsonization and phagocytosis
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What is the function of Group A strept M protein
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Helps prevent phagocytosis
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What gram + has endotoxin?
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Listeria
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Endotoxin or exotoxin: destroyed rapidly at 60 degrees C
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Exotoxin
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What S. aureus toxin causes staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome?
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Exfoliatin
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What does the A component of an AB toxin do?
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Attaches an ADP-ribosyl to a host cell protein, altering protein function
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How does Vibrio cholera A-B toxin function?
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ADP ribosylation of G protein stimulates adenyly cyclase: Increased pumping of chloride into gut and decreased sodium absorption causes H20 to move into the gut lumen causing voluminous rice-water diarrhea
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What are the two toxins of E. Coli and what do they do?
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Heat Labile: stimulates Adenylate cyclase. Heat stable: stimulates Guanylate cyclase (Labile like the air, stable like the ground)
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How does Bordetella's A-B toxin work?
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Increases cAMP by inhibiting Gai
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What toxin causes gas gangrene in Clostridium perfringens?
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a toxin
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How does C. tetani toxin work?
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Blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine causing "lockjaw"
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What is the name of the toxin in Bacillus anthracis and describe it's major property?
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Edema factor - part of it is an adenylate cyclase that increases cAMP conc.
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What is the name of the toxin in Shigella and how does it work?
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Shiga toxin - cleaves host cell rRNA; also enhances cytokine release, causing HUS
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S. pyogenes toxin that is detected by ASO is what and what does it do?
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Streptolysin O; hemolysin
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H202 is a substrate for what enzyme involved in the oxidatative burst?
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myeloperoxidase
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What is a major virulence factor of S. aureus?
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Protein A - binds Fc-IgG, inhibiting complement fixation and phagocytosis
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Name 3 toxin mediated diseases that s. aureus is responsible for
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Toxic shock syndrome (TSST-1 toxin), scalded skin syndrome (exfoliative toxin), rapid-onset food poisoning (enterotoxins)
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S. pneumoniae is the most common cause of what 4 conditions?
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Meningitis, Otitis media (in children), Pneumonia, Sinusitis (MOPS)
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Name three bugs that secrete IgA protease
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S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Neisseria
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What color sputum is pneumococcus associated with? And what 2 conditions is pneumococcus associated with?
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"rusty" sputum; sepsis in sickle cell anemia and splenectomy
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What Viridans group strept causes dental caries?
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S. mutans
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What Viridans group strept causes subacute bacterial endocarditis?
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S. sanguis
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Antibodies to what S. pyogenes protein can give rise to rheumatic fever?
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M protein
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Enterococci are resistant to what and cause what two conditions?
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Penicillin G resistant; cause UTI and subacute endocarditis
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Enterococci can grow under what harsh lab conditions?
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6.5% NaCl
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What streptococcus is highly associated with colon cancer?
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S. bovis
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What is the lab diagnosis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae based on?
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G+ rods with metachromatic granules
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What are three G+ that have spores found in soil? What are two other spore forming bacteria?
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Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium perfringens, C. tetani; B. cereus, C. botulinum
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C. tetani blocks gylcine release from what cells in the spinal cord?
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Renshaw cells
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What is another name for a toxin of C. perfringes and what does it do?
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Lecthinase: myonecrosis (gas gangrene) and hemolysis
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What are the three virulence factors produced by the pXO1 plasmid of B. anthracis and what do they do?
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EF: Edema factor: Inc. cAMP; PA: Protective antigen: promotes entry of EF into phagocytic cells; LF: lethal factor, zinc metalloprotease, stimulates macrophage to release TNF-a, IL-1
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What is the progression disease look like when spores of B. anthracis are inhaled?
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Fever, pulmonary hemorrhage, mediastinitis, and shock
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What is the only bacterium with a protein capusle and what protein is it?
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B. anthracis; contains D-glutamate
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What is the pathologic finding in sinus trackts for A. israelii?
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Yellow "sulfar granules"
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Which gram-positive anaerobe causes oral/facial abscesses that may drain through sinus tracts in skin and is a part of normal oral flora?
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Actinomyces israelii
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Which gram positive is a weakly acid fast aerobe in soil and causes pulmonary infection in immunocompromised patients?
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Nocardia asteroides
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What do you use to treat Actinomyces and Nocardia?
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Sulfa for Nocardia; Actinomyces use Penicillin (SNAP)
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What are the pathologic findings in the lungs for primary and secondary tuberculosis infections?
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Primary tuberculosis: Ghon focus (usually lower lobes); Secondary tuberculosis Fibrocaseous cavitary lesions (usually upper lobes)
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What are the four common sx of TB infection?
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Fever, night sweats, weight loss, and hemoptysis
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What is the treatment for leprosy and what is its toxicities?
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Long term oral dapsone; hemolysis and methemoglobinemia
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What are the two forms of Hansen's disease and which is worse and why?
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Lepromatous and tuberculoid; lepromatous is worse (failed cell-mediated immunity)
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