First Aid Gastrointestinal

Front 1

retroperitoneal structures

Back 1

duodenum (2nd, 3rd, 4th parts)
descending colon
asscending colon
kidney and ureters
pancrease (except tail)
Aorta
IVC
adrenal glands
rectum

Front 2

derivative of fetal umbilical vein

Back 2

falciform ligament (connect liver to anterior abdominal wall)

Front 3

connects greater and less omental sacs

Back 3

hepatoduodenal ligament

Front 4

ligament that contains portal triad

Back 4

hepatoduodenal ligament

Front 5

ligament that contain splenic artery and vein

Back 5

splenorenal

Front 6

three gastric ligaments that contain: gastric, gastroepiploic, and short gastric arteries respectively

Back 6

gastric arteries - gastrohepatic
gastroepiploic - gastrocolic
short gastrics - gastrosplenic

Front 7

separates the mucosa and the submucosa

Back 7

muscularis mucosa

Front 8

where are meissner's and aurbach's plexi found respectively

Back 8

meissner's plexus - submucosa
auerbach's plexus - muscularis externa

Front 9

frequencies of basal electric rhythm (slow waves) of: stomach, duodenum, ileum

Back 9

stomach - 3 waves/min
duodenum - 12 waves/min
ileum - 9 waves/min

Front 10

where are brunner's glands of the submucosa found

Back 10

duodenum

Front 11

this section has the largest number of goblet cells in the small intestine

Back 11

jejunum

Front 12

this section contain only crypts and no villi

Back 12

colon

Front 13

muscle of esophagus

Back 13

upper 1/3 - striated muscle
middle 1/3 - striated and smooth
lower 1/3 - smooth muscle

Front 14

where does the celiac trunk, superior, and inferior mesenteric branch off respectively(vertebral level)

Back 14

celiac - T12
superior - L1
inferior - L3

Front 15

where is the bifurcation of the aorta in terms of vertebral level

Back 15

L4

Front 16

does the superior mesenteric branch of above or below renal arteries

Back 16

above

Front 17

structures associated with the embryonic foregut

Back 17

stomach to proximal duodenum; liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen

Front 18

structures associated with embryonic midgut

Back 18

distal duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

Front 19

structure associated with embryonic hindgut

Back 19

distal 1/3 of transverse colon to upper portion of the rectum

Front 20

three branches of celiac trunk

Back 20

common hepatic
splenic
left gastric

Front 21

4 collateral circulations if abdominal aorta is blocked

Back 21

1. internal thoracic (subclavian) - superior/inferior epigastric
2. superior pancreaticoduodenal (celiac) - inferior pancreaticoduodenal (SMA)
3. middle colic (SMA) - left colic (IMA)
4. superior rectal (IMA) - middle rectal (Internal Iliac)

Front 22

3 portosystemic anastomoses, clinical signs along with veins involved

Back 22

1. esophageal varices (left gastric - esophageal)
2. caput medusa (paraumbilical - superficial and inferior epigastric)
3. internal hemorrhoids (superior rectal - middle and inferior rectal)
**these are all VEINS

Front 23

formed where hindgut meets ectoderm

Back 23

pectinate line

Front 24

what is found above the pectinate line

Back 24

internal hemorroids
adenocarcinoma
arterial supply from superior rectal artery (IMA)
venous drainage to inferior mesenteric vein (portal system)

Front 25

what is found below the pectinate line

Back 25

external hemorrhoids
squamous cell carcinoma
arterial supply from inferior rectal artery (pudendal artery)
drainage to inferior rectal vein (IVC)

Front 26

what type of hemorrhoids are painful

Back 26

external hemorrhoids, inffervated by inferior rectal nerve (branch of pudendal nerve)

Front 27

what makes up the common bile duct

Back 27

cystic duct from gallbladder + common hepatic duct (joining of left and right hepatic ducts)

Front 28

tumors in the head of the pancreas can obstruct what

Back 28

common bile duct

Front 29

what two things make of the ampulla of vater

Back 29

pancreatic duct
common bile duct

Front 30

femoral region organization from lateral to medial

Back 30

NAVEL: (venous near the penis)
nerve, artery, vein, empty, lymphatics

Front 31

what does the femoral sheath contain, and where is it located

Back 31

located below inguinal ligament
contains femoral vein, artery, and canal (deep inguinal lymph nodes), but NOT femoral nerve

Front 32

what does the femoral triangle contain

Back 32

femoral vein, artery, and nerve

Front 33

what fascia makes up the inguinal ligament

Back 33

external oblique

Front 34

what is the landmark of a direct vs. indirect hernia

Back 34

inferior epigastric vessels
medial side - direct
lateral side - indirect

Front 35

most common diaphragmatic hernia (abdominal structures enter the thorax)

Back 35

sliding hiatal hernia

Front 36

differentiate sliding vs. paraesophageal hernia

Back 36

sliding - GE junction is displaced
paraesophageal - GE junction is normal, cardia moves into the thorax

Front 37

this type of hernia goes through the internal (deep) inguinal ring, external (superficial) inguinal ring, and into the scrotum

Back 37

indirect inguinal hernia

Front 38

occurs in infants due to failure of processus vaginalis to close (can form hydrocele)

Back 38

indirect inguinal hernia

Front 39

this type of hernia is covered by all 3 layers of spermatic fascia

Back 39

indirect inguinal hernia

Front 40

this type of hernia is only covered by external spermatic fascia

Back 40

direct inguinal hernia

Front 41

this hernia protrudes through the inguinal triangle (Hesselbach's), bulges directly through abdominal wall, and goes through external (superficial) inguinal ring only

Back 41

direct inguinal hernia

Front 42

protrudes below inguinal ligament through femoral canal and lateral to pubic tuberacle

Back 42

femoral hernia

Front 43

this type of hernia is more common in women

Back 43

femoral

Front 44

leading cause of bowel incarceration in women

Back 44

femoral hernia

Front 45

what makes up the inguinal (Hesselbach's) triangle

Back 45

inferior epigastric artery
lateral border of rectus abdominis
inguinal ligament

Front 46

hormone secreted by antrum of stomach that increases gastric H secretion and growth of gastric mucosa

Back 46

gastrin

Front 47

what two amino acids are potent stimulators of gastrin

Back 47

tryptophan
phenylalanine

Front 48

hormone secreted by duodenum and jejunum that increases pancreatic secretions and gallbladder contraction

Back 48

cholecystokinin

Front 49

hormone secreted by duodenum that increases pancreatic bicarb secretion and bile secretion, and decreases gastric acid secretion

Back 49

secretin

Front 50

what is the job of bicarb in the GI tract

Back 50

to neutralize gastric acid and allow pancreatic enzymes to function

Front 51

this inhibitory hormone is found in both pancreatic islet cells and GI mucosa

Back 51

somatostatin

Front 52

what hormone allows an oral glucose load to be use more rapidly than an IV one

Back 52

GIP

Front 53

non alpha, non Beta islet cell pancreatic tumor associated with copious diarrhea

Back 53

VIPoma

Front 54

this parasympathetic ganglia hormone causes intestinal water and electrolyte secretion along with relaxation of smooth muscle and sphincters

Back 54

VIP

Front 55

this hormone is associated with migrating motor complexes

Back 55

motilin

Front 56

when is motilin increased

Back 56

fasting state

Front 57

produced by parietal cells of the stomach and is used to bind Vitamin B12

Back 57

intrinsic factor

Front 58

what three things regulate increased gastric acid secretion

Back 58

histamine
ACh
gastrin

Front 59

hormone associated with increased bicarb secretion

Back 59

secretin

Front 60

secreted by chief cells of the stomach

Back 60

pepsin

Front 61

three salivary glands
which ones are the most mucinous and most serous

Back 61

parotid (most serous)
submandibular
sublingual (most mucinous)
*serous on the sides, mucinous in the middle

Front 62

what stimulates salivary secretion

Back 62

sympathetic (T1-T3): superior cervical ganglion
parasympathetic: facial and glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 63

differentiate low and high flow rate of salivary secretion

Back 63

low rate - hypotonic because more time to reabsorb Na and Cl
high rate - isotonic

Front 64

what nerve runs through the parotid gland and can become damaged during surgery

Back 64

CN VII

Front 65

function of salivary secretion (4)

Back 65

1. a-amylase to begin starch digestion
2. bicarb to neutralize oral bacterial acids
3. mucins to lubricate food
4. growth factors to promote epithelial renewal

Front 66

how does gastrin increase acid secretion

Back 66

directly on parietal cells via CCKB
but MOSTLY indirectly through ECL cells leading to histamine release which bind to H2 receptor

Front 67

most important mechanism for gastric acid release

Back 67

ECL cells releasing histamine to be H2 receptor on parietal cells

Front 68

three different types of receptors that cause gastric acid secretion
what are their respective secondary messenger systems

Back 68

M3 receptor (ACh) - IP3
CCKB receptor (gastrin) - IP3
H2 receptor (histamine) - cAMP

Front 69

what does omeprazole block

Back 69

H/K pump on gastric parietal cells

Front 70

glands that secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize acid contents entering the duodenum
*the only GI submucosal glands

Back 70

brunner's glands

Front 71

what activates trypsin

Back 71

enterokinase/enteropeptidase, enzyme secreted from duodenal mucosa

Front 72

hypertrophy of brunner's glands is seen in what

Back 72

peptic ulcer disease of the duodenum

Front 73

the rate-limiting step of carbohydrate digestion, produces monosaccharides from oligo and disaccharides

Back 73

oligosaccharide hydrolases (brush border enzymes)

Front 74

what transports all carbohydrates to the blood from enterocytes

Back 74

GLUT-2

Front 75

facilitates fructose diffusion

Back 75

GLUT-5

Front 76

where are iron, folate, and B12 absorbed respectively

Back 76

Iron (Fe 2+ only) - duodenum
folate - jejunum
B12 - ileum (requires intrinsic factor)

Front 77

unencapsulated lymphoid tissue found in the lamina propria and submucosa of small intestine, contains specialized M cells

Back 77

peyer's patches

Front 78

what do B cells in the germinal centers of Peyer's patches differentiate into

Back 78

IgA-secretory plasma cells

Front 79

the only significant mechanism for cholesterol excretion

Back 79

bile salt excretion

Front 80

needed for both digestion of triglycerides and micelle formation (absorption of lipids)

Back 80

bile salts

Front 81

what is direct bilirubin conjugated with

Back 81

glucuronic acid to make water soluble via glucuronyl transferase

Front 82

what happens to conjugated bilirubin once excreted into bile

Back 82

gut bacteria transform to urobilinogen - most is excreted into feces, some excreted into urine as urobilin, and some is taken back to the liver

Front 83

most common parotid gland tumor; painless, moveable mass

Back 83

pleomorphic adenoma

Front 84

benign parotid gland tumor, heterotopic salivary gland tissue trapped in a lymph node, surrounded by lymphatic tissue

Back 84

Warthin's tumor

Front 85

most common malignant salivary gland tumor (usually in parotid)

Back 85

mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Front 86

failure of relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) due to loss of myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus

Back 86

achalasia

Front 87

Bird's beak on barium swallow

Back 87

achalasia

Front 88

what can secondary achalasia arise from

Back 88

Chaga's disease

Front 89

associated with increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Back 89

achalasia

Front 90

common presents as heartburn, regurgitation, nocturnal coughing, and dyspnea

Back 90

GERD

Front 91

organisms associated with esophagitis

Back 91

HSV-1
CMV
Candida

Front 92

transmural esophageal rupture due to violent retching

Back 92

boerhaave syndrome

Front 93

mucosal lacerations at the GE junction associated with alcoholics and bulimics

Back 93

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

Front 94

plummer-vinson syndrome triad

Back 94

1. dysphagia (esophageal web)
2. glossitis
3. iron deficiency anemia

Front 95

glandular metaplasia in the epithelium of the distal esophagus due to GERD, associated with esophagitis, ulcers, and increased risk of adenocarcinoma

Back 95

Barrett's esophagus

Front 96

where is squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus found respectively

Back 96

SCC - upper 1/3
adenocarcinoma - lower 1/3

Front 97

what is the most common type of esophageal cancer worldwide vs. United States

Back 97

worldwide - SCC
U.S. - adenocarcinoma

Front 98

malabsorption syndrome

Back 98

sprue (tropical or celiac)
whipple's disease
disaccharidase deficiency
abetalipoproteinemia
pancreatic insufficiency

Front 99

infectious sprue that is similar to celiac sprue, however can affect entire small bowel

Back 99

tropical sprue

Front 100

PAS-positive macrophages in intestinal lamina propria, arthralgias, cardiac, and neurologic symptoms are common

Back 100

whipple's disease

Front 101

autoantibodies to gluten, proximal small bowel primarily

Back 101

celiac sprue

Front 102

presents in childhood with malabsorption and neurologic manifestations, inability to generate chylomicrons

Back 102

abetalipoproteinemia

Front 103

causes pancreatic insufficiency

Back 103

CF
obstructing cancer
chronic pancreatitis

Front 104

associated with antibodies to gliadin and tissue transglutaminase, blunting of villi, decreased mucosal absorption that primarily affect jejunum

Back 104

celiac sprue

Front 105

associated with dermatitis herpetiformis and increased risk of T-cell lymphoma

Back 105

celiac sprue

Front 106

causes of acute gastritis (erosive)

Back 106

stress
NSAIDs
alcohol
uremia
burns (Curling's ulcer)
brain injury (Cushing's ulcer)

Front 107

Curling's ulcer

Back 107

decreased plasma volume leads to sloughing of gastric mucosa

Front 108

Cushing's ulcer

Back 108

increased vagal stimulation leads to increased ACh causing increased gastric acid production

Front 109

causes of chronic gastritis (nonerosive)

Back 109

autoimmune to parietal cells (pernicious anemia)
H. pylori infection

Front 110

where is type A and B chronic gastritis found respectively

Back 110

type A - gastric body
type B - antrum

Front 111

gastric hypertrophy with protein loss, parietal cell atrophy, and increased mucous cells

Back 111

menetrier's disease

Front 112

linitis plastica

Back 112

adenocarcinoma of the stomach that is diffusely infiltrative with thickened appearance, leather bottle

Front 113

virchow's node

Back 113

involvement of left supraclavicular node by metastasis from stomach

Front 114

bilateral metastasis to ovaries from stomach carcinoma, abundant mucus and signit ring cells

Back 114

Krukenberg's tumor

Front 115

causes of adenocarcinoma of stomach

Back 115

nitrosamines (smoked foods)
achlorhydria
chronic gastritis

Front 116

potential complications of peptic ulcers

Back 116

bleeding
penetration into pancreas
perforation
obstruction

Front 117

differentiate gastric and duodenal ulcers

Back 117

gastric - pain greater with meals, H. pylori in 70%, chronic NSAID use, due to decreased mucosal protection
duodenal - pain decreases with meals, H. pylori almost 100%, due to increased gastric acid secretion, hypertrophy of Brunner's glands

Front 118

IBD associated with: skip lesions, rectal sparing, transmural inflammation, creeping fat, noncaseating granulomas, and fistulas

Back 118

Crohn's disease

Front 119

IBD associated with: continuous lesions, always with rectal involvement, mucosal and submucosal inflammation only, pseudopolyps, bloody diarrhea

Back 119

ulcerative colitis

Front 120

extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease

Back 120

migratory polyarthritis
erythema nodosum
ankylosing spondylitis
uveitis

Front 121

recurrent abdominal pain associated with pain improving with defecation, change in stool frequency and appearance.

Back 121

IBS

Front 122

may present with diarrhea, constipation, or alternating with no structural abnormalities present

Back 122

IBS

Front 123

differentiate cause of appendicitis in kids vs. adults

Back 123

kids - lymphoid hyperplasia after viral infection
adults - obstruction by fecalith

Front 124

differentiate true vs. false diverticulum

Back 124

true - all 3 gut wall layer outpouch
false - only mucosa and submucosa outpouch

Front 125

most common location for diverticulum

Back 125

sigmoid colon

Front 126

many diverticula most commonly in sigmoid colon, caused by increased intraluminal pressure associated with low-fiber diets

Back 126

diverticulosis

Front 127

inflammation of diverticula classically causing LLQ pain, fever, leukocytosis

Back 127

diverticulitis

Front 128

often asymptomatic or associated with vague discomfort and painless rectal bleeding

Back 128

diverticulosis

Front 129

false diverticulum that is a herniation of mucosal tissue at junction of pharynx and esophagus

Back 129

zenker's diverticulum

Front 130

true diverticulum that is a persistence of the vitelline duct or yolk stalk, may contain ectopic gastric mucosa or pancreatic tissue

Back 130

meckel's diverticulum

Front 131

most common congenital anomaly of the GI tract

Back 131

meckel's diverticulum

Front 132

what can cause intussusception in children

Back 132

usually idopathic, however may be viral (adenovirus)

Front 133

where does volvulus usually occur

Back 133

cecum and sigmoid colon because there is redundant mesentery

Front 134

congenital megacolon characterized by lack of ganglion cells/enteric nervous plexuses in segment

Back 134

hirschsprung's disease

Front 135

due to failure of neural crest cell migration and associated with down syndrome

Back 135

hirschsprung's disease

Front 136

double bubble, causes early bilious vomiting, associated with down syndrome

Back 136

duodenal atresia

Front 137

seen in CF, meconium plug obstructs intestine preventing stool passage at birth

Back 137

meconium ileus

Front 138

necrosis of intestinal mucosa, usually in the colon, associated with preemie babies

Back 138

necrotizing enterocolitis

Front 139

reduction in intestinal blood flow causing ischemia (ischemic colitis) typically occur where

Back 139

splenic flexure

Front 140

bleeding due to tortuous dilation of vessels most often found in cecum

Back 140

angiodysplasia

Front 141

most common non-neoplastic poly in colon

Back 141

hyperplastic

Front 142

mostly sporadic lesions in children < 5 year of age, if single there is no malignant potential

Back 142

juvenile

Front 143

autosomal dominant syndrome featuring multiple nonmalignant hamartomas throughout GI tract along with hyperpigmented mouth and lips

Back 143

peutz-jeghers

Front 144

is peutz-jeghers syndrome associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer

Back 144

yes, however the polyps themselves are nonmalignant

Front 145

autosomal dominant mutation of APC gene on chromosome 5q, 100% progress to colorectal cancer

Back 145

familial adenomas polyposis

Front 146

FAP + osseous and soft tissue tumors, retinal hyperplasia

Back 146

gardner's syndrome

Front 147

FAP + malignant CNS tumor

Back 147

turcot's syndrome

Front 148

autosomal dominant mutation of DNA mismatch repair genes, proximal colon is always involved

Back 148

hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer

Front 149

associated with iron deficiency anemia in older males, apple core lesions on barium enema, CEA tumor maker

Back 149

colorectal cancer

Front 150

what determines if carcinoid syndrome is observed or not

Back 150

location - confined to GI system, no carcinoid syndrome is observed since liver metabolizes 5-HT; If metastases (usually to liver) then carcinoid syndrome is observed

Front 151

classic symptoms of carcinoid syndrome

Back 151

wheezing
right-sided heart murmurs
diarrhea
flushing

Front 152

tumor of neuro-endorcrine cells that are usually located in appendix, ileum, and rectum

Back 152

carcinoid tumor

Front 153

causes of micronodular (< 3 mm nodules) in liver

Back 153

alcohol
hematchromatosis
wilson's disease

Front 154

causes of macronodular liver nodules

Back 154

postinfectious or drug-induced hepatitis
*associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

Front 155

effects of liver cell failure

Back 155

coma
terrible breath (fetor hepaticus)
spider nevi
gynecomastia
jaundice
testicular atrophy
asterixis
anemia

Front 156

differentiate ALT > AST, AST > ALT

Back 156

ALT > AST - viral hepatitis
AST > ALT - alcholic hepatitis

Front 157

increased levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

Back 157

obstructive liver disease (hepatocellular carcinoma), bone disease, bile duct disease

Front 158

associated with decreased ceruloplasmin

Back 158

Wilson's disease

Front 159

associated with increased lipase

Back 159

acute pancreatitis
*chronic pancreatitis has no enzyme elevations

Front 160

two associated with elevated serum amylase

Back 160

acute pancreatitis
mumps

Front 161

childhood hepatoencephalopathy due to child taking salicylates for viral infection

Back 161

Reye's syndrome

Front 162

hepatoencephalopathy associated with decreased B-oxidation by reversible inhibition of mitochondrial enzymes leading to microvesicular fatty change

Back 162

Reye's syndrome

Front 163

associated with macrovesicular fatty change

Back 163

hepatic steatosis

Front 164

differentiate micro/macrovesicular fatty change

Back 164

microvesicular - aspirin in child with fever
macrovesicular - alcohol

Front 165

associated with swollen and necrotic hepatocytes with neutrophilic infiltration, mallory bodies are also present (intracytoplasmic eosinophilis inclusions)

Back 165

alcoholic hepatitis

Front 166

micronodular irregular shrunken liver with sclerosis around central vein

Back 166

alcoholic cirrhosis

Front 167

most common primary malignant tumor of the liver in adults, increased incidence with HBV, HCV, Wilson's, hemochromatosis, a1-antitrypsin deficiency, alcohol, aflatoxin

Back 167

hepatocellular carcinoma

Front 168

tumor associated with increased a-FP

Back 168

hepatocellular carcinoma

Front 169

cause of nutmeg liver

Back 169

backup of blood into liver - Right sided heart failure, Budd-Chiari syndrome

Front 170

occlusion of IVC or hepatic veins with centrilobular congestion and necrosis

Back 170

Budd-Chiari syndrome

Front 171

causes of Budd-Chiari syndrome

Back 171

hypercoagulable state
polycythemia rubra vera
pregnancy

Front 172

misfolded gene product protein accumulates in hepatocellular endoplasmic reticulum, PAS-positive globules in liver

Back 172

a1-antitrypsin deficiency

Front 173

associated with panacinar emphysema due to decreased elastic tissue in lungs along with liver liver

Back 173

a1-antitrypsin deficiency

Front 174

immature UDP-glucuronyl transferase leading to unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

Back 174

neonatal jaundice

Front 175

what does phototherapy due to neonatal jaundice

Back 175

converts UCB to water-soluble form (conjugated)

Front 176

differntiate urine bilirubin and urine urobilinogen found in: obstructive and hemolytic

Back 176

obstructive - increased conjugated bilirubin in blood leading to increased urine bilirubin and decreased urine urobilinogen
hemolytic - increased unconjugated bilirubin in blood leading to absent urine bilirubin and increased urine urobilinogen

Front 177

mildly decreased UDP-glucuronyl transferase or decreased biliurbin uptake leading to elevated unconjugated bilirubin, but no clinical consequences

Back 177

Gilbert's syndrome

Front 178

absent UDP-glucuronyl transferase leading to elevated unconjugated bilirubin; however patients die within a few years

Back 178

Crigler-Najjar syndrome

Front 179

what is the treatment for type II Crigler-Najjar syndrome

Back 179

phenobarbital because it's less severe and this drug increases liver enzyme synthesis

Front 180

associated with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia due to defective liver excretion, causes grossly black liver

Back 180

dubin-johnson syndrome

Front 181

like dubin-johnson syndrome but milder and does not cause black liver

Back 181

rotor's syndrome

Front 182

inadequate hepatic copper excretion and failure of copper to enter circulation

Back 182

Wilson's disease

Front 183

treatment of Wilson's disease

Back 183

penicillamine

Front 184

where does copper accumulate in Wilson's disease

Back 184

liver, brain, cornea, kidneys, joints

Front 185

associated with asterixis, basal ganglia degeneration, cirrhosis, choreiform movements, dementia

Back 185

Wilson's disesae

Front 186

classic triad or hemochromatosis

Back 186

micronodular cirrhosis
dibetis mellitus
skin pigmentation

Front 187

associated with increased ferritin, iron, and transferrin saturation, with decreased TIBC

Back 187

hemochromatosis

Front 188

secondary biliary cirrhosis

Back 188

extrahepatic biliary obstruction (gallstone, biliary stricture, chronic pancreatitis, carcinoma of the pancreatic head)

Front 189

autoimmune reaction associated with increased serum mitochondrial antibodies

Back 189

primary biliary cirrhosis

Front 190

bile duct fibrosis leading to alternating beading of intra and extrahepatic bile ducts

Back 190

primary sclerosing cholangitis

Front 191

presentation of biliary tract diseases

Back 191

pruritis, jaundice, dark urine, light stools, hepatosplenomegaly

Front 192

associated with increased conjugated bilirubin, increased cholesterol, and increased alkaline phosphatase

Back 192

biliary tract diseases

Front 193

biliary tract disease associated with ulcerative colitis

Back 193

primary sclerosing cholangitis

Front 194

presentation of cholangitis

Back 194

jaundice
fever
RUQ pain (positive murphy's sign - inspiratory arrest on deep palpation)

Front 195

in what type of patient would biliary colic not present with pain

Back 195

diabetic

Front 196

potential problems associated with pancreatitis

Back 196

DIC, ARDS, diffuse fat necrosis, hypocalcemia, pseudocyst formation

Front 197

associative causes of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Back 197

cigarettes
chronic pancreatitis (not alcohol)

Front 198

presentation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (4)

Back 198

1. abdominal pain radiating to back
2. weight loss
3. migratory thrombophlebitis
4. obstructive jaundice with palpable gallbladder