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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What histone octamers is DNA looped twice around?
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H2A, H2B, H3, H4 (nucleosome bead)
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What ties nucleosomes together in a string?
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H1
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Heterochromatin is transcriptionally (inactive/active)
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Inactive (condensed)
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Euchromatin is transcriptionally (inactive/active)
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Active (less condensed)
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What are purines; how many rings
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A, G (2 rings)
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What are pyrimidines; how many rings
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C, T, U (1 ring)
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nucleotides linked by what bond
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3'-5' phosphodiesterase bonds
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what is transversion?
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purine for pyrimidine, or pyrimidine for purine
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what is transversioni
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purine for pyrimidine, or vice versa (different type)
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4 features of genetic code
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unambiguous, degenerate, commaless/nonoverlapping, universal
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silent mutation
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same aa, often base change in 3rd position of codon
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missense
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changed aa
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nonsense
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changed aa resulting in early STOP codon
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frame shift
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change resulting in misreading of all nucleotides downstream
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Prokaryotes have (single/multiple) origins of replication
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single
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What histone octamers is DNA looped twice around?
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H2A, H2B, H3, H4 (nucleosome bead)
|
|
What ties nucleosomes together in a string?
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H1
|
|
Heterochromatin is transcriptionally (inactive/active)
|
Inactive (condensed)
|
|
Euchromatin is transcriptionally (inactive/active)
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Active (less condensed)
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|
What are purines; how many rings
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A, G (2 rings)
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|
What are pyrimidines; how many rings
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C, T, U (1 ring)
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nucleotides linked by what bond
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3'-5' phosphodiesterase bonds
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what is transition?
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purine for purine, or pyrimidine for pyrimidine (same type)
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what is transversioni
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purine for pyrimidine, or vice versa (different type)
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4 features of genetic code
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unambiguous, degenerate, commaless/nonoverlapping, universal
|
|
silent mutation
|
same aa, often base change in 3rd position of codon
|
|
missense
|
changed aa
|
|
nonsense
|
changed aa resulting in early STOP codon
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|
frame shift
|
change resulting in misreading of all nucleotides downstream
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Prokaryotes have (single/multiple) origins of replication
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single
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fxs of RNA pol I, II, III (eukaryotes)
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I -> rRNA, II -> mRNA, III -> tRNA
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What inhibits RNA pol II
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alpha-amanitin (in death cap mushrooms)
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how many RNA pol in prokaryotes
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one (makes all 3 kinds of RNA)
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mRNA initiation codon
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AUG (inAUGurates); for met or f-met
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stop codons
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UGA (U Go Away), UAA (U Are Away), UAG (U Are Gone)
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what are regulators of gene expression
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promoter, enhancer, operator
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fx of promoter
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where RNA pol and multiple transcription factors bind to DNA (upstream of gene locus)
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fx of enhancer
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alters gene expression by binding transcription factors (close to, far from, or within gene)
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fx of operator
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where negative regulators (expressors) bind
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fx of exons
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actual genetic info for protein
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fx of introns
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noncoding segments of DNA
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what is splicing
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removal of introns from primary mRNA transcripts
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what binds to primary mRNA transcripts and forms spliceosomes
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snRNP
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Steps in RNA processing
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Capping on 5' end, polyadenylation on 3' end, splicing out of introns
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Initial transcript is called ___; capped and tailed transcript is called ___
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hnRNA, mRNA
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All tRNAs have ___ at 3' end along with a high percentage of chemically modified bases
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CCA
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The AA is covalently bound to the __' end of the tRNA
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3'
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this enzyme adds AA to tRNAs
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Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
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A ___ tRNA reads usual codon but inserts wrong AA
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mischarged
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what is tRNA wobble
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codons may differ in 3rd "wobble" position but still code for same tRNA/AA
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