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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pathogenesis of apoptosis
Intrinsic pathway? extrinsic pathway? |
intrinsic pathway: increased mitochondrial permeability and cytochrome C release
extrinsic pathway: Fas (CD95) interaction or T killer cells release perforin or granzymes both lead to cytosolic caspase activation that mediate cellular breakdown |
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Pyknosis, karyhorrhexis, karyolysis?
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Pyknosis: nuclear shinkage and basophilia
karyhorrhexis: nuclear blebbing karyolysis: nuclear fading |
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Red infarct vs pale infarcts?
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Red infarcts: due to reperfusion injury; occurs in organs with dual blood supply such as lung, intestine, liver
Pale infarcts: occurs in organs with a single blood supply such as heart, kidney, and spleen |
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transudate vs exudate?
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transudate: hypocelluar, protein poor, due to increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, and Na retention
Exudate: cellular, protein rich, due to lymphatic obstruction and inflammation |
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dystrophic vs metastatic calcification?
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dystrophic: calcification of necrotic tissue (e.g atherosclerosis, chronic pancreatitis)
metastatic: calicification of normal tissue due to high serum calcium |
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Describe the process of leukocyte extravasation.
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Rolling, tight binding, diapedesis, and migration.
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Proteins involved in leukocyte extravasation.
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in the order of Vasculature/stroma and leukocyte
Rolling: E-selectin/P-selectin, sialyl Lewix-x tight binding: ICAM-1, LFA-1 (integrin) diapedesis: PECAM-1, PECAM-1 migration: chemo-attractants ("CILK") C5a, IL-8, Leukotrine B4, Kallikrein |
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hypovolemic/cardiogenic shock vs septic shock
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Hypovolemic/cardiogenic shock:
low cardiac output, high TPR, cold/clammay pts septic shock: high CO, low TPR, dilated arteriole, hot pts, associated with ARDS and DIC |
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Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene? associations?
abl |
oncogene
t(9,22): tyrosine kinase activity chornic myeloid leukemia (CML) |
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Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene? associations?
c-myc |
oncocgene
t(8,14): nuclear transcription Burkitt's lymphoma associated EBV infection |
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Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene? association?
bcl-2 |
oncogene
t(14.18): anti-apoptosis gene Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas |
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Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene? association?
erb-B2/HER |
oncogene
amplification, mutation at the tyrosine kinase breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas |
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Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene? association?
ras |
oncogene
GTP signal transduction colon carcinoma |
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Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene? association?
L-myc |
oncogene
nuclear transcription lung tumor |
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Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene? association?
N-myc |
oncogene
Neuroblastoma nuclear transcription |
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Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene? associations?
ret |
MEN2a and MEN2b
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Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene? associations?
c-kit |
gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
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Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene? associations?
Rb |
tumor suppressor gene
inhibits G1 to S on chrom 13q retinal blastoma, osteosarcoma |
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Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene? associations?
BRCA1 |
tumor suppressor gene
DNA repair gene on chrom 17q breast and ovarian cancer |
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Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene? associations?
BRCA2 |
tumor suppressor gene
DNA repair gene on 13q breast cancer (in men and women) |
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Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene? associations?
p53 |
tumor suppressor gene
on chrom 17p most human cancers Li-Fraumeni syndrome (AD) |
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Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene? associations?
p16 |
tumor suppressor gene
on chrom 9p melanoma |
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Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene? associations?
APC |
tumor suppressor gene
prevents nuclear transcription on chrom 5q colorectal cancer; associated with Familial adenomatous polyposis |
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Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene? associations?
WT1 |
tumor suppressor gene
regulate nuclear transcription on chrom 11p Wilm's tumor |
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Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene? associations?
NF1 |
tumor suppressor gene
on chrom 17q neurofibromatosis type 1 |
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Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene? associations?
NF2 |
tumor suppressor gene
on chrom 22q neurofibromatosis type 2 type 2 =22 |
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Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene? associations?
DPC |
tumor suppressor gene
on chrom 18q pancreatic cancer DPC: Delected Pancreatic Cancer |
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Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene? associations?
DCC |
Tumor suppressor gene
on chrom 18q colon cnacer DCC: Delected Colon Cancer |
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Oncogene or tumor suppressor gene? associations?
VHL |
tumor suppressor gene
on chrom 3 regulate nuclear transcription Von Hippel Lindau syndrome: cerebellar hemangiomablastoma, retinal angioma, bilateral renal cell carcinoma, bilateral pheochromocytoma |
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5 cancers caused by cigarette smoke?
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SCC of larynx
SCC and small cell carcinoma of lung renal cell carcinoma transitional cell carcinoma (bladder) |
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2 cancers caused by asbestos? which one is more common?
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mesothelioma
bronchogenic carcinoma (more common) |
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Psammoma bodies?
What cancers associated? |
laminated, concentric, calcific spherules seen in:
Papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid Serous papillary cyastaenocarcinoma of ovary Meningioma malignant mesothelioma |
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5 conditions that increase ESR.
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Infections
inflammation Cancer pregnancy SLE |
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3 conditions that decrease ESR
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sickle cell (altered shape)
polychthemia CHF |
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5 primary tumors that metastasizes to brain.
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Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia
Lung Breast Skin (melanoma) Kidney (renal cell carcinoma) GI 50% of brains tumors are from metastases |
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5 primary tumors that metastasizes to liver in decreasing frequency.
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Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver.
Colon > Stomach > Pancreas > breast > lung metastases >> primary liver tumors |
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6 primary tumors that metastasizes to bone. which one is most common?
Which bone is the most common site of metastasis |
P.T. Barnum Loves Kids
Prostate, Thyroid, Testes, Breast, Lung, Kidney Prostate and breast and most common Vertebral column is most common |
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Name 5 organs where metastasis is more common than primary tumor.
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Lymph
Lung Liver Bone Brain |
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List granulomatous diseases (9)
What cytokines are involved? (2) |
TB (caseating)
syphilis LIsteria monocytogenes Wegener's granulomatosis leprosy Bartoneslla some fungal pneumonia Sarcoidosis Crohn's disease IL-2 and interferon alpha mediated |
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What type of amyloidosis is this?
1. AL 2. secondary 3. transthyretin |
1. AL: primary, from Ig light chains (multiple myeloma) "AL = light chain"
2. secondary: AA, from serum amyloid-associated protein (SAA, chronic inflammtory disease), AA = Acute phase reactant 3. transthyretin: senile cardiac, derived from AF (old Fogies); derivative of ANP |
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What type of amyloidosis is this?
1. amylin 2. A-CAL 3. Alzhimer's 4. Dialysis-associated |
1. amylin: DM II, AE =Endocrine
2. A-CAL: medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, calcitonin 3. Alzhimer's: beta-amyloid from amyloid precursor protein (APP from chrom 21) 4. Dialysis-associated: beta2-microglobulin, MHC class I proteins |
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What 2 enzymes are needed for tumor cells to invade the basement membrane?
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collagenase
hydrolase |
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what 4 protein changes are needed for tumor cells to metastasize?
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decreased cadherin
increased laminin increased integrin receptors increased metalloproteinase |
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What tumor(s) is (are) associated the following condition(s)?
Down syndrome |
ALL (we ALL fall Down)
AML |
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What tumor(s) is (are) associated the following condition(s)?
Xeroderma pigmentosum, albinism |
melanoma, basal cell carcinoma
especially SCC of skin |
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What tumor(s) is (are) associated the following condition(s)?
pernicious anemia |
gastric adenocarcinoma
Pernicious anemia: inability to absorb vit B12 due to loss of parietal cells in the stomach |
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What tumor(s) is (are) associated the following condition(s)?
tuberous sclerosis what are sxs of tuberous sclerosis |
sxs: facial angiofibroma, seizures, mental retardation
astrocytoma, angiomylipoma, and cardiac rhabdomyoma |
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What tumor(s) is (are) associated the following condition(s)?
actinic keratosis |
SCC of skin
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What tumor(s) is (are) associated the following condition(s)?
Plummer-vinson syndrome What is the triad of this syndrome? |
triad: atrophic glossitis, esophageal web, anemia; all due to Fe deficiency
SCC of esophagus |
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What tumor(s) is (are) associated the following condition(s)?
Paget's disease of bone |
secondary osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma
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What tumor(s) is (are) associated the following condition(s)?
Hashimoto's, thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis |
lymphoma
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What tumor(s) is (are) associated the following condition(s)?
radiation exposure |
sarcoma
papillary thyroid cancer |
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What neoplasm(s) is associated with the following tumor marker?
prostatic acid phosphatase |
prostate carcinoma at advanced stages
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How are tumor markers used clinically?
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not used as the primary tool for cancer dx but used to confirm dx, to monitor for tumor recurrence and to monitor response to therapy
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What neoplasm(s) is associated with the following tumor marker?
CEA |
nonspecific but produced by 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers; also produced by gastric and breast carcinomas
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What neoplasm(s) is associated with the following tumor marker?
alpha fetoprotein |
normally made by fetus
hepatocellular carcinomas nonseminoatous germ cell tumors of testis (yolk sac tumor, embryonal carcinoma but not choriocarcinoma) |
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What neoplasm(s) is associated with the following tumor marker?
beta-hCG |
hadatidiform moles
choriocarcinomas gestational torphoblastic tumors |
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What neoplasm(s) is associated with the following tumor marker?
CA-125 |
ovarian and malignant epithelial tumors
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What neoplasm(s) is associated with the following tumor marker?
S-100 |
melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas
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What neoplasm(s) is associated with the following tumor marker?
bombesin |
neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer
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What neoplasm(s) is associated with the following tumor marker?
TRAP |
tartrate-resistant acid phosphtase
hairy cell leukemia (a B cell tumor) |
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HTLV-1 is associated what tumor?
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adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma
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EBV is associated what 2 tumors?
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Burkitt's lymphoma
nasopharyangeal carcinoma |
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The following toxins are associated with tumor?
1. Aflatoxins 2. vinyl chloride 3. CCl4 |
1. Aflatoxins (produced by aspergillus): hepatocellular carcinoma
2. vinyl chloride: angiosarcoma of liver 3. CCl4: centrilobular necrosis, fatty change |
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Naphthalene (aniline) dyes are associated with what tumor?
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transitional cell carcinoma of bladder
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What 2 tumors produced Lambert-Eaton syndrome as a paraneoplastic effect?
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thymoma
small cell lung carcinoma |
