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275 Cards in this Set

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What occurs when O2 combines with a combustible material so rapidly as to generate heat.
Combustion (or fire)
How do oxides form?
When oxygen molecules in the air combine with fuel molecules due to heat and movement.
Heat is formed when?
The process of molecules combining releases energy in the form of heat
What is the basic problem of the fire service?
Unwanted, excessive heat is the basic problem of the fire service.
What are the forms of energy?
There are several forms of energy; mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear
Define: Potential Energy...
Potential energy is the energy latent in a body
Define: Kenetic Energy...
kinetic energy is that energy which is caused by motion
Define: Cold...
There is no such thing as cold. Cold is merely a relative term, to denote a lower than normal degree of heat.
Define: Total Heat Energy
The total heat energy of a body (substance) is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all its molecules
Define: Temperature
Temperature is a measure of the average molecular velocity only
T or F: Any kind of energy (such as electrical, chemical, or mechanical) can be converted to heat and start a fire...
True
The fire triangle requires three componests...
1) O2
2) Fuel (vapors)
3) Ignition Temp.
In flaming combustion, there is a forth element...
Free Chain Reactions
Fires have two general forms:
flaming and non-flaming
T or F: Most solids and liquids must first vaporize in order to burn.
True
When substances burn (unite with 02) what is created?
Oxides are created
When hydrocarbons burn, what is the color of the smoke and why?
They give off a Thick Black Smoke because of all the carbon they contain.
Petroleum products are called ...
Petroleum products are called Hydrocarbons because they are composed of hydrogen and carbon molecules
A fire starts when ...
A fire starts when some form of energy evolves sufficient heat to ignite a combustible surface.
The fire’s early progress depends upon...
The fire’s early progress depends upon the combustibility of that surface and the intensity of the heat.
Define: Convection
Is the movement of hot gases, which almost always move upward until they meet an obstruction and bank up there or move horizontally, still seeking to rise.
Convection provides the most likely means of fire travel within a building.
How does Convection help the fire to spread?
The moving gases are usually hot enough to ignite combustible materials with which they come in contact near their source.
Define: Radiation
Radiant heat is invisible. It travels in the same way as, and behaves very much as, light does, but it is of different wavelength. It emanates from the heat source in straight lines, equally in all directions, diminishing in intensity according to the square of the distance (inverse-square laws) when emanating from a point source, but it diminishes in direct proportion to its distance from a line source.
T or F: Radiation does seem to be as great a contributor to fire travel within a building as convection is
False
It would be normal for a fire to double in size about every _______ as long as there were enough 02.
30 sec. (half min.)
Define: Flashover
Flashover, a phenomenon in which an interior fire suddenly increases greatly in size and intensity.
Some interior fires go through three stages:
Incipient
Flaming
Smoldering,
T or F: A given amount of material stacked vertically will burn much more rapidly than if it were stored horizontally.
True
The rate of sustained combustion is largely determined by _______.
Air Flow
Ventilation permits the escape of heat by ________.
Convection
How does Ventilation, retard the progress of fire?
it can retard the progress of fire by releasing to the outside atmosphere much of the hot gases which, if confined, would hasten flashover.
In a well-ventilated room, the fire will usually flash over in less than _____ minutes
10 Min.
Flashover, which almost always seems to occurred at about ____________ measured _____________.
1,000 degrees F, measured at the ceiling.
Define: Flashover
The sudden full involvement is the phenomenon called “flashover,” the critical point of fire progress
Fires in these rooms usually take about _________ to reach flashover when doors and windows are closed.
half an hour
T or F: In our observations of the progress of these experimental fires, it appeared that conduction of hot gases is responsible for most fire spread.
False (Convection)
Define: Flashover 1
Flashover 1- when a fire with a continuous supply of 02 proceeds directly to full development in a straight-line, extremely rapid progression.
Define: Flashover 2
Flashover 2- when flame ignites unburned fire gases that have accumulated near the ceiling.
Define: Flashover 3
Flashover 3- when the gaseous product of both pyrolysis and combustion, initially too rich a mix to burn, suddenly obtain enough 02 to make a combustible mix, which ignites vigorously.
Define: Flashover 4
Flashover 4- when there is a sudden change in the composition of the accumulated gases in the room. The fire give off large amounts of carbon dioxide, which is not combustible, but when the temp. of this gas is raised over 1,200 degree F, it will break down to form carbon monoxide and burn rapidly
T or F: Carbon Dioxide doesn’t burn and doesn’t
kill; Carbon Monoxide does.
True
The insidious aspect of flashover is its sudden onset. It doesn’t allow much time for action, let alone deliberation. Our gear is only rated for ________ of flashover type heat.
15 sec.
What is the best way to protect against flashover?
The best way to protect against flashover is to keep it in mind
The only reliable warning is a sudden, unaccountable increase thick black smoke.
False (The only reliable warning is a sudden, unaccountable increase in temperature.)
Define: Backdraft
There is another phenomenon, somewhat akin to flashover, but not identical which occurs when some of the combustible vapors from the fuel source can’t get enough 02 to burn. Yet the vapors hare hot enough to ignite. They travel to an opening where they mix with enough 02 for combustion, and suddenly they ignite. BACKDRAFT.
T or F: The precursor of such ignition is the appearance of puffy grey smoke.
False (The precursor of such ignition is the appearance of thick black smoke. It is also called “blowback” and “smoke explosion”.)
Define: Backdraft 1
Type 1 Backdraft
Occurs at a fire so lacking in ventilation that a large amount of unburned gases accumulates during lengthy smoldering. Then, with the admission of air, the gases form an explosive mix with the 02 in the air. If the gases are hot enough, the gas-air mix will ignite when the right proportion is reached, and rapid ignition will occur with sufficient force to be considered an explosion.
Define: Backdraft 2
Type 2 Backdraft
A Backdraft at a fire which was not smoldering but which had flame showing.
Define: Backdraft 3
Type 3 Backdraft
Another Backdraft when sufficient 02 is already present and mixed with gases and unburned carbon and tar particles, but the mix is not hot enough. Then, suddenly, hotter gases or flame inter the area and cause ignition.
Name the 5 Precautions for a Backdraft.
1. The fire is in a commercial occupancy which has been closed for several hours.
2. The windows and doors are closed, but smoke is seeping out around them.
3. The smoke rises rapidly close to the wall, indicating that it is hot.
4. Window glass is discolored and may be cracked from heat. 5. Little or not flame is visible.
T or F: If it is possible to cool the ceiling in the fire area safely with a water stream, this action will lessen the chance of both Backdraft and flashover.
True
Define: Water as a form of fire extinguishment.
Water
Water has the ability to absorb more heat than other readily available substances, it is also abundant. Sometimes other reasons are give; namely, that it is cheap and is easy to obtain and apply- which is not entirely true.
T or F: The most difficult part of extinguishment with water is getting the water on all of the fire.
True
There are 2 basic options available to the officer who is deciding on the method of applying water from a hose line. What are they.
1. Flow rate (in gallons per min.)
2. Form of water (fog or straight stream.)
The speed at which water will absorb heat is directly proportional to ...
the amount of water surface that is exposed to the heat.
Theoretically, about one gallon of water is needed to absorb the heat generated by...
a pound of burning wood,
It would take about _____ gpm to absorb the heat generated by wood burning at the rate of 500 pounds per minute.
500 gpm
When a fire continues to burn after water has been applied, it is for one of 2 reasons.
Either the water is not reaching the burning material, or
it is not being applied at a sufficient rate of flow. The Critical Flow Rate is the minimum flow in gallons per minute needed to extinguish a given fire.
Define: The Critical Flow Rate
The Critical Flow Rate is the minimum flow in gallons per minute needed to extinguish a given fire.
T or F: Steam is usually white smoke.
False. (Steam in invisible. When water vapor can be seen, it is no longer steam but has cooled below the boiling point (212degrees F) and is condensing.)
List two advantages of a solid stream over a fog.
Some advantages of solid streams are that they discharge water at greater distances and at much lower nozzle pressures than fog streams.
Name a serious disadvantage of the Fog Nozzle.
This occurs on occasions when the water is not striking the fire, but the air driven ahead of the fog stream fans the fire.
Define: High Intensity Fires
Those where the temp. at the ceiling exceeds 1000 degrees F.
What type of nozzle is effective on high-flash-point-liquid fires
Fog (Water fog is not effective on gas fires or fires in other liquids with flash points under 100 degrees F, unless the rate of flow is very high in proportion to the amount of fire.)
Do substances in which the first name ends in “um” and the second name in “ide.” work well with water?
NO!
How does foam put out fires?
The extinguishment is possible because the foam, which is lighter than the burning liquid, will float on top of it and “smother” the fire by excluding air. The foam blanket also suppresses the release of flammable vapors by the liquid, thereby removing the fuel side.
Define: AFFF
AFFF
This solution possesses low viscosity and is fast-spreading thus a quicker knockdown of the flames. It also forms, under the foam bubbles, an aqueous (water) film, which can cool the fuel liquid and stop formation of flammable vapors. AFF is compatible with dry chemical, so it is a favorite for aircraft crash operations.
Most fires involving liquids fall into three basic categories:
1.shallow spill fires: Fast-flowing and low critical application rates
2. deeper spill fires: More fuel tolerance and heat resistance
3. deep-seated fires: Good fuel tolerance and burnback resistance
When mixing 3% foam...
it means 3% concentrate and 97% water.
High Expansion Foam is what type of foam?
It is a detergent type of foam with a high expansion ration.
What was original dry chemical?
The original dry chemical was sodium bicarbonate!
What material was discovered to work better than sodium bicarb?
Potassium bicarbonate, Purple K
Define: monoammonium phosphate
The agent, monoammonium phosphate, became the first dry chemical that was effective on three classes of fire, and thereby became widely know as “ABC” or “mulit-purpose” dry chemical.
Strategy vs. Tactics
It seems safe to say, however, that strategy is the large scale general plan and that tactics are the ways o fimplementing the strategy.
The basic rules of firefighting have been the same since the beginning...
1. Locate the fire.
2. Confine it.
3. Extinguish it.
T or F: It is being recognized that the important personnel consideration is the total number of units responding on the first alarm, rather than the total number of FF.
F (More and more, it is being recognized that the important personnel consideration is the total number of firefighters responding on the first alarm, rather than the total number of units.)
A first-alarm force of 12 can do the ladder and engine company work which would be adequate for a fire involving up to ___________ of a building.
8000 square feet of a bld.
What portion of fire operations has undergone the greatest strategic change?
Salvage
The biggest single influence on the fire service in the United States has been the ___________ industry.
The Fire Insurance industry.
The principal concern of the fire insurance interests was to prevent large _____________.
Conflagrations
The past 60 years has seen great advancement in the fire department armament and technique.
False (The past 60 years have not seen much advancement either in the fire department armament or technique.)
The only truly significant advance in firefighting in the 20th century is in the field of ____________.
Training
Most American fire stations are closer to each other than in Europe. (one to __________ in population)
1 to 10,000
The "ideal rate of flow” is...
V/100=gpm (V is the volume of the fire container in cubic feet, easily determined by multiplying length by width by height, gpm is rate of flow, and 100 is a constant factor.)
What are the 3 factors to a General Strategic Plan?
1. What needs to be done.
2.What is needed to do it.
3. Who is needed to do it.
Define: Tactical Plan
Tactical Plan:
How does it need to be done. (Your tactics)
When the Lt. arrives at a fire, he must make decisions, which are reached by weighing what two things?
The FF resources available vs. the fire situation confronting him.
FF Resources vs. Situation
The main “observable” factors that influence choice of tactics are…
1. Life Hazard- This is the Primary Consideration.
2. Location of Fire- Location is MOST important because it determines the life hazard and the probability of extension.
3. Extension- Heat rises, extension upward is expected. 4. Combustibility of exposed materials.
5. Type of Fire- Tactics must suit the situation.
6. Size of Fire- Size can be misleading.
What the fire has done is not as important as ...
As what it is going to do.
The key to successful firefighting is?
Anticipation
Life hazard can be divided into 3 easily identified areas...
(a) occupants,
(b) members of the FF force.
(c) others.
In a high rise fire, the people most in need of help are those where? (name 4)
(1) close to the fire on the same level,
(2) on the floor immediately above the fire
(3) on the topmost floor of the building
(4) on other floors above the fire. (in that order)
The main effects of weather on FF are ?
wind
temperature
humidity
What are the 3 greatest hazards to FF?
Smoke
Explosion
Colapse
SEC
The way in which fire affects a building is determined by?
1. Type of construction,
2. age of the building
3. its condition
One pumper for every ___ gpm.
500 gpm
One ladder for every ____ engines.
2
One FF for ever ____ gpm.
50 gpm
T or F: Fires involving natural over fuels will travel much faster uphill than on level ground, and faster on the level than downhill.
True
Analysis of a fire situation is used to formulate an _____________!
Action Plan
Color of smoke:
PAPER
Light Grey
Color of smoke:
Furniture (cloth and wood)
Dark Grey
Color of smoke:
Room and contents
Dark Grey
Almost all smoke appears _________ in very cold weather.
White
Ventilation not only lets the smoke escape, but by bringing air to the fire...
...allows the fire to burn brighter and become visible.
T or F: People on fire escapes seldom need help, and people on ladders are out of immediate danger.
True
Often what is the best way to save endangered people?
An aggressive attack on the fire.
T or F: The presence of a locked padlock is proof of the absence of tenants.
False
___________ is usually the most potent threat to life.
Carbon Monoxide
T or F: Carbon Monoxide is lighter than air.
True
__________ is the cheapest and most easily replaced component of the building;
Glass
Ventilation should not be performed in a haphazard manner. It is a function of FF second in importance only to the _____________.
Application of water.
Why Ventilate?
1.To save lives by removing smoke and gases.
2.To allow FF to enter a structure to fight fire.
3.To prevent Backdraft.
4.To control the spread of fire.
When do you ventilate?
Ventilation should begin as soon as water is up to the nozzle, not before
A quick way to break windows above the ground floor is by...
raising a ladder and letting the top of it fall against the window
When a whole building is to be vented, such work should begin ...
at the top of the structure and proceed downward, floor by floor.
Studies show that to obtain maximum air movement, the fog pattern should ...
almost cover the entire opening, but leave some room around the edges
T or F: Fog nozzles can move more air than fans!
True
T or F: Sometimes the closing of window, door, and fire shutters will be sufficient to prevent extension.
True
When fighting a fire ____________ is always of paramount importance
Life Hazard
Fireground communications are threefold:
1. communications up to the command level,
2. down from the command level,
3. from the command level to headquarters.
Salavage, when should it begin?
It should begin with the arrival of the fire department.
Define: Overhaul
Make sure the fire is OUT.
Overhaul, when should it begin?
As soon as visible fire is extinguished.
While searching for fire extension, if you see cob webs, what does that mean?
If cobwebs are observed, it means that there has been little or no heat there, and no further examination is needed in that area.
Hidden fire is probably found here more often than in any other part of a building.
Window and Door Frames
What is the first step in Non Structural Overhaul (Veh. Accicent?)
The first step is to disconnect the battery unless it has been determined that that had nothing to do with the fire.
It has been said that more FF are injured during ___________________operations than in any other phase of FF.
Overhauling
If water has accumulated on more than one floor, it should be removed from the ...
lowest floor first and then from each floor above in turn, working from the bottom upward.
__________,___________,___________ is the qualities FF want most in an officer
Fairness, Ability, Firmness
In cases where complete supervision is impossible, ___________should get the most attention.
the most critical areas
___________________ provides a chief with what is probably the most effective means for efficient firefighting
“Constant alertness for tactical errors or weaknesses”
_________ on the fireground commonly results from failure to analyze the situation properly
Weakness
_______________________ cause fireground failures
Vague and incomplete orders
_____________ hazards are frequently overestimated.
Smoke hazards , the presence of heavy smoke should not deter an aggressive interior attack on a fire.
Many tactical errors and weaknesses happen simply because of _________.
Haste, "haste makes waste"
The results of the application of a tactical plan depend upon these factors…
1.The accuracy of the analysis of the fire situation.
2.The feasibility of the tactics chosen.
3.The ability to execute the tactical plan.
T or F: The tactical plan should be binding and not allow for changes in the situation and the attack
False (The tactical plan should be flexible enough to allow for changes in the situation and the attack)
Any complex task is better performed when divided into ...
smaller segments, (with each segment properly assigned and coordinated with the others to get the desired result.)
At most fires, ______ hose line is needed to confine and extinguish the fire
one hose line
In multi-story buildings, __________ are the two places most vulnerable to fire spread
The top floor and the floor above the fire
What should you do to prevent "pushing the fire ahead?"
You don’t want to push the fire ahead, prevent this by using a straight stream and bounce if off of the ceiling.
At a multi-storied building, the attack is usually made from the ____________ regardless of the convenience of other means
stairway
If the initial attack from the stairway is impossible, then the first line becomes a ...
Defensive line; it keeps the fire out of the stairway while the attack is made from a fire escape or other way.
Would you ever allow a fire to burn through the roof?
yes. Only if there is considerable fire on the top floor, & it is unsafe to put firefighters on the roof to cut holes. Hand lines can then be advanced through the building to extinguish.
What change indicates that roof ventilation has begun to be effective.
When flames at windows diminish.
When flooding a bld. as a last resort, where do you flood?
Water is put on the “floor above” and flows downward onto the fire floor. Water then not only attacks the fire but prevents its upward spread
When is total cellar flooding called for?
When the probability of structural collapse would make entry too dangerous.
It is an acknowledged fact throughout the fire service that water should not be applied to __________.
smoke alone.
Remember that water application to flame may not extinguish the fire; the water should be applied to the __________.
The fuel source
One of the leading causes of fireground injuries is ___________.
adrenaline. In another word: excitement.
In fact, ___________is the key to improving safety on the fireground
supervision
REMEMBER, __________ still kill almost as many firefighters as all other causes combined.
Heart attacks
Where did most of the deaths happen during bld. collapse?
Outside
__________ are often the greatest danger in a truss roof building and in other one-story structures as well.
Walls
The vast majority of deaths occurred at _________occupancies, and most happened at night.
Commercial
When FF get hurt they were mostly doing _________________, and __________was the problem.
Hose operations, overexertion
There is a place on a flat roof which is somewhat safer than the rest of the roof, if part- but not all- of the roof collapses:
On the trimmer beams.
___________ roof is the type most prone to early collapse.
The truss roof
Truss failure usually pushes ________________ rather than __________________.
side out side walls, those at the front or rear. ( Therefore, the sides are more dangerous locations when a truss roof collapse occurs.)
A ladder raised to a roof offers another safety aid. If the ladder is raised at least ________ above the roof, it can be seen by FF on the roof who are looking for it when in a hurry to get down.
5 feet
T or F: Peeked roofs generally don't collapse.
True
The most frequently encountered safety hazard at fires is ?
SMOKE
_______________ is a dangerous and common product of combustion given off whenever a carbonaceous material is burned
Carbon Monoxide
A FF can endure a level of 2% carbon monoxide for about ________.
2 minutes
Human beings need a level of about ____% O2 in the atmosphere for continued existence.
16% O2 (Flame will not exist without 16% O2; therefore the presence of flame is an indication that there is enough O2 to support life.)
What are the 3 ways to combat smoke?
1. Ventilate
2. Relief FF frequently
3. Use SCBA's
The greatest danger to a FF wearing reliable SCBA is ?
Using up all the air while still in a contaminated atmosphere
The cure for FF injuries due to panic is?
The Buddy System
Define: Thermal Resistance
The ability of a material to provide a barrier which reduces the amount of external heat passing through the barrier to the body- the insulating property of the garment.
Define: Thermal Capacity
The ability of a material to absorb and store heat, which is a good property until the maximum is reached; then the garment gives off heat to the wearer, sometimes rather suddenly.
Define: Flammability
The ease of ignition.
The outer shell of the gear is required to give only _____ seconds protection against flashover temps.
15 seconds, just enough for quick retreat to a known and readily available exit (escape.)
T or F: Records in large FD’s show more injuries today than in the era before SCBA’s and modern protective clothing were used.
True
Define: Proximity Suit
Meant to protect by the reflection of radiant heat and allow the FF to approach a fire closely; it is not heavily insulated and should not be worn in flame itself.
Define: Entry Suit
Entry Suit- is heavily insulated and thus offers much more protection
FF’s rubber boots have some insulating quality because they are made of rubber, but are not reliable insulators because ______________ is used in the rubber to give it strength.
Carbon black
Define: Secondary Injuries
An injury not cause by the fire.
A FF’s direction of travel inside a structure should be _______.
Systematic,(such as moving to the left, with the left hand on the wall.)
“the life hazard to the ___________ should determine the firefighting risks acceptable.”
Occupants
The most common means of fire travel are by way of ___________.
Vertical arteries such as open stairways, light and air shafts, dumbwaiter shafts, and utility shafts
Why is the top story vunerable to fire in a multi-story bld.?
Heat will travel upward rapidly until it meets an obstruction; then it will spread laterally.
Define: Mushrooming
When the smoke and heat travel upward to the top floor and then, unable to escape or travel farther upward, spread horizontally (and in some extreme cases, bank down too.).
____________ are a common means of horizontal fire travel over a wall
Hanging ceilings
_________________ is one of the worst horizontal means of fire travel.
The cockloft, or space between the bottom of the roof and the ceiling of the top floor,
NFPA standards suggest a parapet height of at least ________ feet.
3 feet
The opposite of the common cockloft is the _______________.
Common cellar, sometimes found under a row of stores.
Define: Distant Flashover:
Fire can travel upward through walls and flash over at a distant point without flashover occurring in the room o f the fire’s origin.
Why it is safer near the side than in the center inside a large one story building.
The roof falls in the middle and leaves a triangular void at each side
Why is the truss roof the most suseptable to early collapse?
The truss is made of light structural members, dependent upon each other
unprotected steel (steel not insulated with an incombustible covering) will have lost 90% of its strength at about ______.
1,400 degrees F, a temp. which is common at the ceiling of a fire area.
Cast iron has great compression strength, but little ________ strength.
tensile
____________ is far more fire-resistive than steel, and the structural stability of reinforced concrete buildings has been excellent- but not perfect- under fire conditions.
Concrete
__________ construction, sometimes called mill construction, is more fire-resistive than unprotected steel
Heavy timber
What are the 4 causes of collapse?
Causes of collapse…
1. Fire
2. Water weight
3. Material expand
4. Gases explode
The first problem above can be expected in a commercial building of wood joist construction when fire has been burning out of control for more than _____.
20 minutes
Another accepted rule of thumb is to back out if there is considerable fire ___________.
On more than one floor. (Collapse is likely.)
A 2 ½ inch hose line discharging 250 gpm can put a ton of water into a building _____.
Each minute. (Ten times that volume will give ten tons per min.)
________ are one of the best weapons yet devised to combat fire.
Sprinklers
Why is ventilation not as productive inside a sprinklered bld.?
Due to the weight of the "wet" smoke, top ventilation is not as effective as in other cases:
Sprinklers usually put out the fire with one or two heads, give 3 reasons whey they wouldn't work.
1. Many heads, use up supply of water.
2. Fire is out of reach.
3. Stacked material isn't easily extinguished
How do you shut off a sprinkler system?
Close the control valve for the area involved in the fire.
The drain valve should be _________when the control valve is closed.
Opened
An Automatic Wet Pipe System
head are set to melt at?
135-165 degrees.
Deluge Sprinkler Systems have two main styles _________.
Open-head, and Sealed head.
What type of sprinkler systems are usually found in very old buildings?
Non-Automatic Systems (It never contains water except that pumped into it by the FD during a fire.)
The first item of consideration in fire extinguisment is the _________.
Selection of the water source! (because if the selection is wrong, all other operations will suffer.)
There are 2 broad categories of fire hose ___________.
Attack and Supply
When deciding how much hose to use ....
It is always better to stretch too much rather than too little. “Stretching short” is a frustrating experience.
A long standing rule of thumb has been that from the front door of the building there should be _________________of hose for each floor up to the fire floor, plus one extra. (6 floors- 7 50ft. sections)
one 50-foot length
What is the fastest way to get hose to the upper portions of a building.
The fire escape stretch using a hook.
Hose straps should be attached whenever the unsupported vertical distance in a hose line is over _____.
30 feet
To ensure max effectiveness in operations at a fire within a building, it is essential that members of the FF ___________.
Force entry into the building immediately and execute the attack from within.
The points at which FF should enter a fire building are determined by 2 principal factors: ______ _________.
Location of the fire and purpose of entry
What are the 3 primary rules of FF strategy?
Locate, confine, and extinguish the fire.
Define: Crisis Point
The top of each flight of stairs is called a crisis point, it is where the heat is banked and most FF tend to stop.
Stream penetration into a building _______as the angle of the stream _________.
Decreases , increases
Ladder Comp. Ops:
ROVERS
Rescue
Overhaul
Ventilation
Entry (forceable)
Reconnaisance
Search
T or R: A pre-fire plan shold not go too deeply into step-by-step actions.
True
A pre fire plan should identify all features of an occupancy that might affect _______ _______.
Firefighting tactics
What are some essential features of a reasonable pre-fire plan?
Hazards
Access points
Ventilation points
Water supply
Structural weaknesses
What feature of a pre-fire plan is not a vairable and which can be well analyzed in advance?
Water Supply
When a sprinkler system present in a pre-fire plan it is valuable to know where ________ and ______ can be found.
Siamese connections and control valves
When does Post-fire analysis begin?
Immediately after the fire is extinguished.
What is the heart of any direction and coordination system?
The Control Center. (and the instrument through which it operates is the command post.)
What is one of the most important functions of the Command post?
Good Communication
The spread of fire from bld. to bld. is influenced by what?
The type of walls of the blds.
What is the "Series of Fives"
in a command structure, 5 sector commanders each command 5 battalions, the 5 battalion commandards direct 5 companies each.
What are the 2 reasons Conflagrations get "under way?"
1. Fire was beyond inital FF force
2. FF failed to contain a containable fire.
How is exposure protection, two way.
You need to put fire on the exposure and take lines inside to prevent fire from entering.
In a one or two bedroom family structure of balloon-frame construction, the _____ should get immediate attention.
The attic.
Define: Polymers
Materials know as plastics.
T or F: Are Polymers (plastics) easily extinghished by water?
True
T or F: The heat of combustion of Polymers is highter than most natural materials.
True.
What color smoke does Polymers give off?
Thick black smoke.
What are the 3 ways fire can extend upwards from a basement?
1. Interior stairs
2. AC ducts
3. Side walls
Extinguisment of a chimminey Fire is done how?
Place a nozzle with a gentle spray downward.
What are important problems in fighting basement fires?
Limited access, and an area without windows or doors.
What is the first step in fighing a basement fire?
Guard against upward extension.
T or F: Wherever possible the use of water should be avoided in overhaul.
True
A ventilation hole in a taxpayer fire, should be how large?
80 square feet
Define: Railroad Flats
A bld. where rooms are one behind another like a train.
Horizontal travel frequently occures by way of the _________.
Cockloft
In what situation do you start to ventilate immediately, even before you have a hose line ready?
In a tenement bld. at the top of the stairs to prevent mushrooming.
T or F: The off street characteristics of garden apartments decrease the difficulty of combating fires.
False.
Why can heat be more of an issue in a fire-resistive bld. more than a ordinary construction.
Because in a fire-resistive bld. contains heat. (like an oven)
The rule of thumbs still applies... If more than 2 floors are well involved with fire,
Collapse may occure.
Define: "High-Rise"
A bld. whose roof is above the reach of a 100-ft. aerial ladder and its topmost windows are too high for effective penetration of outside streams. (bld. more than 100 ft. usually fit this criteria)
A high rise with fire resistive construction will give you "at least" ____ hr. resistance.
3 hours
___________ is usually used in bld. up to 20 stories in height.
Reinforced concrete
Buildings beyond 20 stories are usually of _________.
Steel Skeleton Construction
Most stair and elevator shafts are rated at _____ hours.
2 hours
From a FF standpoint, the most important feature of a high-rise bld. is the ________.
Standpipe
When you have a water stoppage issue during standpipe ops, search for the cause...
Work from the nozzle backward.
Define: "High-Rise"
A bld. whose roof is above the reach of a 100-ft. aerial ladder and its topmost windows are too high for effective penetration of outside streams. (bld. more than 100 ft. usually fit this criteria)
What is one of the first actions to be taken by FF arriving at a high-rise bld?
Check on the whereabouts of every elevator and try to determine the condition of each.
A high rise with fire resistive construction will give you at least ____ hr. resistance.
3 hour
At a high-rise fire, a command post goes in the lobby, an upper command post________, and a staging area _________.
2 floors below the fire, 1 floors below that.
Define: HVAC
The heating, ventilating and AC system in hig-rise bld.
___________ is usually used in bld. up to 20 stories in height.
Reinforced concrete
Define: The Neutral Pressure Plane
The level in a high-rise at which the outside pressure and inside pressure are equal.
Buildings beyond 20 stories are usually of _________.
Steel Skeleton Construction
Why can a fire progress quickly through a bld. under construction?
Because it can be open to the air, and offers few obstructions.
Most stair and elevator shafts are rated at _____ hours.
2 hours
T or F: Natural gas is lighter than air and LP gases are heavier than air.
True
From a FF standpoint, the most important feature of a high-rise bld. is the ________.
Standpipe
In a Haz Mat size up you are looking for 2 things...
What is burning, and what is exposed.
When you have a water stoppage issue during standpipe ops, search for the cause...
Work from the nozzle backward.
What is one of the first actions to be taken by FF arriving at a high-rise bld?
Check on the whereabouts of every elevator and try to determine the condition of each.
At a high-rise fire, a command post goes in the lobby, an upper command post________, and a staging area _________.
2 floors below the fire, 1 floors below that.
Define: HVAC
The heating, ventilating and AC system in hig-rise bld.
Define: The Neutral Pressure Plane
The level in a high-rise at which the outside pressure and inside pressure are equal.
Why can a fire progress quickly through a bld. under construction?
Because it can be open to the air, and offers few obstructions.
T or F: Natural gas is lighter than air and LP gases are heavier than air.
True
In a Haz Mat size up you are looking for 2 things...
What is burning, and what is exposed.