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229 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fire support provides the maneuver commander a means to
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Destroy, neutralize, and suppress the enemy, Obscure the enemy's vision, Isolate enemy formations and positions, Slow and canalize enemy movements, Influence the fight at ranges greater than direct fire weapons, Reduce the effect of enemy artillery with counterfire.
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Massed fires ensure
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Maximum effect in attacking targets that can easily change their posture category.
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Fire support planning is the
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Continual process of analyzing, allocating, and scheduling fire support.
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The goal of fire support planning is to
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Effectively integrate fire support into battle plans to optimize combat power. It is performed as part of the military decision making process (MDMP).
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Fire support coordination is the
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Continual process of implementing fire support planning and managing the fire support assets that are available to a maneuver force.
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Fire planning is the
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Continual process of selecting targets on which fires are prearranged to support a phase of the commander's plan.
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An essential fire support task (EFST) is a
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Task for fire support to accomplish that is required to support a combined arms operation. Failure to achieve an EFST may require the commander to alter his tactical or operational plan.
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A fully developed EFST has a
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Task, purpose, method, and effects (TPME).
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The concept of fires is the
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Logical sequence of EFSTs, integrated with the scheme of maneuver, that will accomplish the mission and achieve the commander's intent.
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The concept of fires is the basis of the
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Fires paragraph.
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The scheme of fires is the
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Detailed, logical sequence of targets and fire support events to find and attack high-payoff targets (HPTs).
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The products of the fire support annex are
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Fire support execution matrix (FSEM), target list/overlay, and/or a target synchronization matrix (TSM) articulate the scheme of fires.
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The basic fire support tasks are
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Support forces in contact, Support the concept of operations, Synchronize fire support, Sustain fire support operations.
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The following fire support tasks are performed in support of all combat operations
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Locate targets, Integrate all available fire support, Destroy, neutralize, or suppress enemy direct and indirect fire weapons, Provide illumination and smoke, Provide fires in support of joint air attack team (JAAT) and suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) operations, Deliver scatterable mines (SCATMINEs), Prepare for future operations, Provide positive clearance of fire.
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Offensive fire support tasks include the following
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Execute all plans as the commander intends, Support the movement to contact or meeting engagement, Soften enemy defenses before the attack by arranging short, violent preparations when required, Provide support during the attack by attacking HPTs, Plan for deep area and flanking fires, Plan for fires to support the close area fight, Plan fires during consolidation, Plan fires for exploitation and pursuit, Provide counterfires.
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Defensive fire support tasks include the following
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Execute all plans as the commander intends, Disorganize, delay, and weaken the enemy before the attack, Provide counterfires, Provide fires in support of planned engagement areas (EAs), Attack HPTs, Plan fires in support of barrier and obstacle plans, Plan for deep, flanking, and rear area fires, Provide fires to support counterattacks, Plan final protective fire (FPFs).
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The commander's intent is a
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Clear, concise statement of what the force must do to succeed with respect to the enemy and the terrain and to the desired end state. It provides the link between the mission and the concept of operations by stating the key tasks that, along with the mission, are the basis for subordinates to exercise initiative when unanticipated opportunities arise or when the original concept of operations no longer applies.
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The maneuver commander considers the following with respect to issuing fire support guidance
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Method of engagement against potential HPTs (e.g., maneuver, lethal or nonlethal fires) and the desired effects, Engagement criteria (guidance on the size and type of units fires engage at different points in the operation), Observer plans (e.g., employment of FISTs, COLTs, and Strikers), Special munitions considerations (e.g., use of SCATMINE, smoke, or illumination).,
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Radar and counterfire considerations
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(e.g., radar security, establishment of critical friendly zones [CFZs] or call for fire zones [CFFZs])., SEAD., FSCMs., Rules of engagement (ROE) and protected targets.
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The fire support planning process has four imperatives
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1 Fire support planning must be a part of the MDMP and 2 be fully integrated into the existing planning process, 3 Fire support planning must truly integrate the targeting process and its functions of decide, detect, deliver, and assess (D3A), 4 Fire support planning must support and be integrated with the reconnaissance and surveillance (R&S) plan.
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The R&S plan is a key link between
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the MDMP and fire support planning/targeting.
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The R&S plan links acquisition assets to
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finding specific enemy formations or required information to answer the commander's critical information requirements.
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The result of the fire support planning process is
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an effective, integrated, and executable plan.
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The fire planning process involves the
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identification of EFST requirements and responsibilities, the allocation of all assets necessary to accomplish or support those EFSTs, and the continual refinement of all data applicable to the successful execution of the EFSTs through planning, preparation, and execution
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The fire planning process is summarized in
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The OPORD format
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OPORD format and fires
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1 SITUATION, 2 MISSION, 3 EXECUTION, Intent, a Concept of Operations, a1 Maneuver, a2 Fires, b Tasks to Maneuver Units, c Tasks to Combat Support Units, 3 Fire Support, fsa Air Support, fsb Field Artillery Support, fsc Naval Gunfire Support, fsd Fire Support Coordinating Measures, d Coordinating Instructions, 4 SERVICE SUPPORT, 5 COMMAND AND SIGNAL.
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The internal format for the fires paragraph uses four subcategories
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TPME.
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An EFST task describes the
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Targeting objective fires must achieve against a specific enemy formation's function or capability. These formations are HPTs or contain one or more HPT. Task is normally expressed in terms of objective, formation, and function.
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An EFST task objective describes the
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Targeting objectives that must be achieved. Use terms such as disrupt, delay, limit or any other terms that describe the effects required.
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An EFST task formation is a
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Specific element or subelement of the enemy. This can specify a specific vehicle type or target category as long as the element or subelement is clear.
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An EFST task function is a
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Capability of the formation that is needed for it (the enemy formation) to achieve its primary task and purpose.
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An EFST purpose describes
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Purpose describes the maneuver or operational reason for the task. This should identify as specifically as possible the friendly maneuver formation that will benefit from the targeting objective and describe in space and time what the objective will accomplish.
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An EFST method describes
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How the task and purpose will be achieved. It ties the detect function to the deliver function in time and space and describes how to accomplish the task. It is normally described in terms of a priority, allocation, and restriction.
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An EFST method includes
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Priority of fires (POFs), Observers (primary/alternate), Triggers, Target allocation, Priority targets, CAS allocations, FPFs, Restrictions, Special munitions, Intelligence and electronic warfare assets, Any other instructions.
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The purpose of a quick fire plan is to
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Quickly prepare and execute fire support in anticipation of an impending operation. Quick fire plan techniques constitute an informal fire plan.
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Quick fire plans may be developed by
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Brigade, battalion task force, or company team FSOs to support their respective organizations.
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The quick fire plan is approved by the
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Maneuver commander.
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A trigger is a
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Physical location (point, object, or terrain feature) or event or action that is used in determining when to initiate fires on a target or targets, or to initiate a fire plan.
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Triggers are integral parts of both and when developed
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the maneuver and fire support plans and thus should be addressed developed (at least in general detail) during course of action (COA) development.
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FSCMs are designed to..
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Facilitate the rapid engagement of targets and at the same time provide safeguards for friendly forces. All FSCMs are drawn and lettered in black.
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Permissive FSCMs include
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Coordinated Fire Line, Fire Support Coordination Line, Free-Fire Area
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The coordinated fire line is a
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Line beyond which conventional surface fire support means (mortars, FA, NGF ships) may fire at any time within the zone of the establishing headquarters without additional coordination.
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A brigade (or higher) headquarters normally establishes it CFL. However, T or F an independently operating maneuver battalion may also establish it
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True
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Fire support coordination lines facilitate the
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Expeditious attack of surface targets of opportunity beyond the coordinating measure.
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The FSCL applies to fires of
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air, land, and sea-based weapon systems using any type of ammunition.
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Forces attacking targets beyond an FSCL must
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inform all affected commanders in sufficient time to allow necessary reaction to avoid fratricide.
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Supporting elements attacking targets beyond the FSCL must ensure that the attack
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will not produce adverse effects on, or to the rear of, the line.
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Short of an FSCL
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the appropriate land or amphibious force commander controls all air-to-ground and surface-to-surface attack operations.
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The FSCL should follow
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well-defined terrain features.
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Coordination of attacks beyond the FSCL is especially critical to commanders of
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air, land, and special operations forces.
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In exceptional circumstances, the inability to conduct FSCL coordination will
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not preclude the attack of targets beyond the FSCL. However, failure to do so may increase the risk of fratricide.
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A free-fire area is a
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Specific designated area into which any weapon system may fire without additional coordination with the establishing headquarters. Normally, it is established on identifiable terrain by division or higher headquarters.
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Restrictive FSCMs include
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Restrictive fire area Restrictive fire line, No-fire line, Fire support safety line, No-fire area, Airspace coordination area
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A restrictive fire area is an
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Area in which specific restrictions are imposed and into which fires that exceed those restrictions may not be delivered without prior coordination with the establishing headquarters. Normally, a battalion task force or higher headquarters establishes an RFA.
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A restrictive fire line is a
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Line established between converging forces that prohibit fires or their effects from crossing the line without coordination with the affected force. The next higher common commander of the converging forces establishes it.
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A no-fire line is a
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Line short of which artillery or ships do not fire except on request or approval of the supported commander, but beyond which they may fire at any time without danger to friendly troops.
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The NFL is
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primarily used at joint and multinational force level and is generally similar to the CFL.
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A fire support safety line is a
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Line short of which indirect fire systems do not fire except on request or approval of the supported commander who established the line, but beyond which they may fire at any time without danger to friendly troops.
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The FSSL is used to
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expedite the quick attack of targets beyond it by fire support units (of higher levels), without the delay of unnecessary coordination but also to guarantee that no targets are attacked short of it without coordination with the responsible maneuver commander.
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A no fire area is an
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Area in which no fires or effects of fires are allowed.
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Two NFA exceptions are
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When the establishing headquarters approves fires temporarily within the NFA on a mission-by-mission basis, When an enemy force within the NFA engages a friendly force, the commander may engage the enemy to defend his force.
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An airspace coordination area is a
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Means of providing airspace for the relatively safe travel of aircraft.
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An ACA facilitates
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the simultaneous attack of a target or targets near each other by multiple fire support assets to include air and surface-to-surface.
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A formal ACA (a three dimensional box of airspace) requires
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detailed planning (Figure 1-13).
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More often an informal ACA is established using
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time, lateral separation, or altitude to provide separation between surface-to surface and air delivered weapons effects.
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The two types of ACAs are
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Formal and informal.
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Information defining the formal ACA includes
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minimum and maximum altitudes, a baseline designated by grid coordinates at each end, the width (on either side of the baseline) and the effective times.
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An informal ACA is used when
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Time for coordination is limited.
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In an informal ACA...
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aircraft and surface fires may be separated by time or distance (lateral, altitude, or a combination of the two).
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The informal ACA can be established at...
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battalion task force or higher level.
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An informal ACA is
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normally in effect for a short period of time, Usually, the period is only long enough to get aircraft into and out of the target area.
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WHAT IS FIRE SUPPORT PLANNING?
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THE CONTINUOUS AND CONCURRENT PROCESS OF ANALYZING, ALLOCATING, AND SCHEDULING FIRE SUPPORT TO INTEGRATE IT W/ THE MANEUVER FORCES AND MAXIMIZE COMBAT POWER
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PLAN THE MINIMUM TARGETS NECESSARY TO SUPPORT THE SCHEME OF MANEUVER. T or F
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TRUE
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THE TARGETING PROCESS INCLUDES...
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ASSESSMENT OF THE TERRAIN AND ENEMY, ID OF THOSE EN FORMATIONS EQUIP FACs AND TERRAIN THAT MUST BE ATTACKED TO ENSURE SUCCESS
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WHAT ARE THE 13 PRINCIPLES OF FSP?
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PLAN EARLY AND CONTINUOUS, EXPLOIT ALL AVAIL TARGETING ASSETS, CONSIDER THE USE OF ALL AVAILABLE FIRES, USE THE LOWEST ECHELON CAPABLE OF FURNISHING EFFECTIVE FIRE SUPPORT, USE THE MOST EFFECT FIRE SUPPORT MEANS, FURNISH THE TYPE OF FIRE SUPPORT MEANS, AVOID UNNECESSARY DUPLICATION, COORDINATE AIRSPACE, PROVIDE ADEQUATE FIRE SUPPORT, PROVIDE RAPID COORDINATION, PROVIDE SAFEGUARDS AND SURVIVABILITY, ESTABLISH FS COORDINATION MEASURES, ESTABLISH COMMUNICATION SUPPORT
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THE PURPOSE OF FIRE SUPPORT PLANNING IS TWO FOLD. T or F
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TRUE
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WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF FSP ?
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TO ACHIEVE EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCIES FROM FIRE SUPPORT ASSETS IN MEETING FIRE SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS OF THE FORCE, TO DETERMINE THE PROPER ALLOCATION OF FIRE SUPPORT
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WHAT ARE THE METHODS OF FSP?
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TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM UP
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EXPLAIN THE TOP-DOWN METHOD OF FSP
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HIGHER HQ ESTABLISHES TARGETS AND PRIORITIES. THEY HAVE BETTER ASSETS AND MEANS
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EXPLAIN THE BOTTOM-UP METHOD OF FSP
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OFTEN USED AFTER THE BATTLE HAS BEEN JOINED AND TIME IS CRITICAL, THE MANEUVER UNITS ASSUME A GREATER ROLE IN TARGET ACQUISITION
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WHO ARE THE FSP PLANNING AGENCIES
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COMPANY FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION (FSC) AND FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION CENTER (FSCC).
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THE COMPANY FSC CONSISTS OF
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COMPANY COMMANDER, WEAPONS PLT CMDR, ARTY FO, FORWARD AIR CONTROL, 81MM FO, NAVAL GUNFIRE SPOT TEAM.
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TARGETING IS...
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THE PROCESS OF SELECTING TARGETS AND MATCHING THE APPROPRIATE RESPONSE, PART OF PLANNING USING METT-TC, SUPPORTS THE SOM
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A TARGET IS...
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A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA, COMPLEX OR INSTALLATION PLANNED FOR CAPTURE OR DESTRUCTION BY MILFORC
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TARGETS ARE...
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KNOWN EN POS, SUSP EN POS, LIKELY EN POS
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LIST OF TARGETS
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SUB UNITS SUBMIT THESE TO HIGHER
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TARGET LIST
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A FORMAL DOC CREATED AT HIGHS LVL, CONSOLIDATED TO ELIMINATE REDUNDANT, DISSEMINATED TO ALL SUB ON LIST, HAS A TARGET NUMBER
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TARGET NUMBERS SYSTEM 6 CHARACTERS
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TWO LETTERS FOUR NUMBERS
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TWO TYPES OF TARGETS
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POINT AND LINEAR
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POINT TARGETS
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MARKED W/ A CROSS AND USED FOR TARGETS THAT ARE LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 200M IN LENGTH AND WIDTH. LOC IS GIVEN W/ A 6 DIGIT GRID
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LINEAR TARGETs
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USED FOR TARGETS GREATER THAN 200M BUT LESS THAN 600M IN LENGTH, LABELED ABOVE THE TARGET
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PLANNED TARGETS
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PREARRANGED TARGETS AGAINST WHICH FIRES CAN BE DELIVERED QUICKLY
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PLANNED TARGET CATEGORIES
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ON CALL, SCHEDULED, PRIORITY, FPF
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ON CALL TARGETS
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PREDETERMINED FIRE AND MUNITIONS WHEN REQUESTED. GOOD FOR DEFENSIVE POS WHEN WE DON'T KNOW WHEN THE EN WILL ATTACK
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SCHEDULED TARGETS
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ON CALL TARGETS W/ A TIMELINE. FIRED AT SPECIFIC TIME LIKE H-HOUR OR L-HOUR
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PRIORITY TARGETS
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PRIMARY USE IS OFFENSIVE WHEN RAPID RESPONSE IS NEEDED. WHEN REQUESTED TAKE PRI OVER ALL OTHER FIRE MISSIONS. GUNS WILL LAY ON THIS TARGET WHEN NOT FIRING OTHER MISSIONS. MANEUVER COMMANDER HAS CONTROL AND CAN SHIFT AS NEEDED. FIRE UNITS CANT HAVE PRI TARGETS AND AN FPF.
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FINAL PROTECTIVE FIRES (FPF) IS...
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IMMEDIATE PREARRANGED BARRIER OF FIRE DESIGNED TO IMPEDE ENEMY MOVEMENT, FPFs ARE USED IN THE DEFENSE, WHEN NOT ENGAGED IN FIRE MISSIONS THE GUNS WILL LAY ON THE FPF.
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FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION MEASURES
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SAFEGUARDS DESIGNED TO PROTECT FRIENDLY FORCES AND FACILITATE RAPID ENGAGEMENTS
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FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION MEASURES CATEGORIES
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PERMISSIVE AND RESTRICTIVE
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PERMISSIVE FSCM
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PRIMARY PURPOSE IS TO FACILITATE THE ATTACK OF TARGETS
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RESTRICTIVE FSCM
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PRIMARY PURPOSE IS TO PROVIDE SAFEGUARDS FOR FRIENDLY FORCES
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THE FSC IS RESPONSIBLE FOR RECOMMENDING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF FSCM W/ THE EXCEPTION OF BOUNDARIES. T or F
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TRUE
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FSCMs ARE RECOMMENDED BASED ON...
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MANEUVER CMDR GUIDANCE, LOC OF FR FORCES, SOM, ANTICIPATED EN ACTION
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ONCE ESTABLISHED FSCMs ARE DISPLAYED ON, WHAT?
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MAPS, FIRING CHARTS, AND OVERLAYS
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THE MIN GRAPHICAL PORTRAYAL WILL INCLUDE AT A MIN (IN BLACK)...
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ABBREVIATION OF THE FSCM, ESTABLISHING HQ, EFFECTIVE DTG
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MANEUVER COMMANDERS USE BOUNDARIES, WHEN?
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IN THE OFFENSE AND DEFENSE
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BOUNDARIES ARE
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DESCRIBE THE ZONE OF ACTION OR SECTOR OF A MANEUVER UNIT, ARE USUALLY ASSIGNED ALONG TERRAIN FEATURES EASILY RECOGNIZABLE ON THE GROUND, ARE SO SITUATED THAT KEY TERRAIN FEATURES AND AVENUES OF APPROACH ARE COMPLETELY INCLUDED IN THE AREA ASSIGNED TO A UNIT, ALSO SERVE AS THE BASIC FSCM.
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WHAT IS A RESTRICTIVE FIRE LINES
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AN RFL IS A LINE THAT IS ESTABLISHED BETWEEN CONVERGING FR UNITS. NO FIRE WILL CROSS THE LINE W/O COORDINATION W/ THE AFFECTED UNIT. THE PURPOSE OF THE RFL IS TO REGULATE ALL FIRES BETWEEN CONVERGING FORCES.
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WHAT IS A RESTRICTIVE FIRE AREA
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AN RFA IS AN AREA WHERE FIRING RESTRICTIONS ARE IMPOSED.
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NO FIRE AREA
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AN NFA IS AN AREA WHERE NO FIRE OR ITS EFFECTS OF FIRE ARE ALLOWED.
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WHAT ARE THE TWO EXCEPTIONS FOR AN NFA?
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THE ESTABLISHING HQ CAN LIFT FOR TEMP TIME ON A MISSION BY MISSION BASIS OR IF THE EN W/IN THE NFA ENGAGES FR FORCES.
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WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF AN NFA
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PROHIBIT FIRES OR THEIR EFFECTS IN AN AREA NORMALLY TO PROTECT CIVILIANS. TYPICALLY THE HOST NATIONS ESTABLISHES THE NFAs.
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FIRE SUPPORT PLAN
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A TACTICAL PLAN CONTAINING INFO NECESSARY FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF FIRE SUPPORT IN THE OPERATION
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FIRES SUPPORT PLAN LOCATION AND COMP
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LOCATED IN PARA 3 (E) MUST CONTAIN TASK (D,N,S) AND PURPOSE IOT
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DIRECT SUPPORT (DS)
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TACTICAL MISSION THAT REQUIRES A FORCE TO SUPPORT ANOTHER SPECIFIC FORCE. MUST PROVIDE CLOSE AND CONTINUOUS FIRE TO ONE UNIT. THE SUPPORTED HAS POF
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ATTACHED
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TEMP PLACEMENT INTO A UNIT THAT NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
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WHAT ARE THE 4 PHASES OF FSP IN OFFENSE?
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PREPARATION, CONDUCT, CONSOLIDATION, EXPLOITATION
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EXPLAIN PREPARATION PHASE
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ATTACKS TARGETS AS DECEPTION, SCREENS FR MOVEMENTS, SOFTENS EN WEAPONS OP/LP RESERVES C2 AND FRONT LINES
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EXPLAIN OFFENSIVE CONDUCT PHASE
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PROVIDES RESPONSIVE FIRES, COUNTER FIRE PLAN TO PREV EN INDIRECT FIRES FROM SLOWING FR ADVANCE
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EXPLAIN OFFENSIVE CONSOLIDATION PHASE
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PROTECTS FR FORCES, BREAKS UP EN COUNTER ATTACK, PREV EN REIN DISENGAGEMENT OR RESUP
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EXPLAIN OFFENSIVE EXPLOITATION PHASE
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PROVIDE MOBILE FLEXIBLE FIRE SUPPORT FOR MANEUVER UNITS, PUT FIRE ON BYPASSED EN POCKETS, SLOW EN RETREAT
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FSP FOR DEFENSE IS ORGANIZED INTO...
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LONG RANGE FIRES, CLOSE DEFENSIVE FIRES, FINAL PROTECTIVE FIRES (FPF)
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EXPLAIN LONG RANGE FIRES
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CAUSE THE EN TO DEPLOY FORCES EARLY, PROVIDE FIRE FOR SECURITY UNITS LIKE PATROLS, USE ALL AVAILABLE FS TO SUPPORT THE SECURITY FORCE FIGHT
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EXPLAIN CLOSE DEFENSIVE FIRES
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MASS FIRES TO CANALIZE AND SLOW THE ENEMY FORCE, FIRE ON OBSTACLES TO DISRUPT BREACH OPS, USE TO ISOLATE EN FORWARD ECHELONS, USE SMOKE TO ASSIST SUPPORTED UNITS IN DISENGAGING AND MOVING, FIRE TO SEPARATE INFANTRY FROM ARMOR
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EXPLAIN FINAL PROTECTIVE FIRES
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PRI TARGET IN DEFENSE, PLACED ON MOST LIKELY DISMOUNTED AVENUE OF APPROACH, LENGTHS OF FPF (ARTY 300M, 81MM 280M, 60MM 90M)
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FPF LENGTH CALCULATIONS
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ARTY 50M X # GUNS, 81MM 35M X # TUBES, 60MM 30M X # TUBES
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WHO CAN AUTHORIZE THE FPF FIRES
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COMPANY CMDR OR SR MARINE AND WILL EXPEND ALL AVAILABLE ASSETS
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WHAT ARE THE DANGER CLOSE DISTANCES
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155MM - 600M, 81MM - 400M, 60MM - 200M
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ID maneuver control measures
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boundaries, phase lines, Fire support area
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ID restrictive fire support coord measures
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restrictive fire line, no-fire area, zone of fire
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ID permissive fire support coord measures
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coordinated fire line, fire support coordination line, free fire area, kill box
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Who establishes all fire support coord measures
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Ground Force Commander
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Boundaries
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used by maneuver commander to designate the geographical limits of a units AO
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CFL is applicable to what fire support
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artillery, mortars, NSFS
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Purpose of CFL
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to expedite attack of tgts beyond it without coordination
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Free fire area established by who?
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civilian or military commander with jurisdiction over the area, Normally by the CLF or MAGTF cmdr
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Purpose of BCL close the gap between organic MAGTF surface fires and the FSCL
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Purpose of RFL
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keep converging friendly forces from shooting each other, established by cmdr of both units
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RFL recommended by
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FSC of the common commander of the converging forces
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Purpose of NFA no fires, or their effects, allowed, exceptions
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on scene ground commander is taking enemy fire and says bring it, establishing commander temporarily approves it
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Purpose of ACA
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to give A/C reasonable safety from friendly surface fires, restrictive and established by Airspace Control Agency
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FDC notifies when PEr is greater than
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38m
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Angle T greater than 500mil means what
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observer corrections may vary greatly
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3 directions of Adjustments
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Range, deflection, HOB
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Range adjustments
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successive 800m then 400m then 200m then 100m then 50m, hasty intervals rounded to the nearest to 100m final 50m, creeping dropping 100m
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Deflection adjustments
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10m until final 10m
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HOB adjustments
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first 40m, then 5m increments to obtain 20m
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15 subsequent corrections
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observer-target direction, danger close, trajectory, method of fire, distribution, projectile, fuse, volume, deviation correction, range, height of burst correction, target description, mission and or method of control, splash, repeat
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6 elements of the call for fire
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Observer identification and Warning order, Target location, Target description and Method of engagement and Method of fire and control
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Target location
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grid, laser grid, polar plot, laser plot, shift from KNP
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Target description
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type, action, number, protection
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Methods of engagement
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type (adjust precision or area), danger close, mark, trajectory, ammo (followed by and projectile/shell and fuze and volume of fire), distribution (naval begins) Armament, Number of guns, Number of salvos, Special Instructions
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Method of fire
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2 guns in adjust, platoon/battery right (left)
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14 Methods of control
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fire when ready, at my command, by round at my command, cannot observe, TOT, continuous illum, coordinated illum, cease loading, check firing, continuous fire, repeat adjust or FFE, request splash, do not load and cancel do not load, duration
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Naval methods of control
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Spotter (Observer) Adjust, Fire for Effect, Ship Adjust, At My Command, Gun-Target Line, Line of Fire, Summit, First Salvo at (Point of Aim), Any Changes, ready and time of flight, spot, splash, correction, wrong
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4 Forms of Recon
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Route reconnaissance, Zone reconnaissance, Area reconnaissance, Reconnaissance in force (RIF)
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Route reconnaissance is
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a form of reconnaissance that focuses along a specific line of communication, such as a road, railway, or cross-country mobility corridor
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Zone reconnaissance is
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a form of reconnaissance that involves a directed effort to obtain detailed information on all routes, obstacles, terrain, and enemy forces within a zone defined by boundaries
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Area reconnaissance is
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a form of reconnaissance that focuses on obtaining detailed information about the terrain or enemy activity within a prescribed area
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A reconnaissance in force is
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a deliberate combat operation designed to discover or test the enemy's strength, dispositions, and reactions or to obtain other information
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6 Principles of recon
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Focus, continuity, aggressiveness, timeliness, camouflage and concealment and deception, accuracy and reliability
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7 Fundamentals of recon
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Ensure continuous reconnaissance, Do not keep reconnaissance assets in reserve, Orient on the reconnaissance objective, Report information rapidly and accurately, Retain freedom of maneuver, Gain and maintain enemy contact, Develop the situation rapidly
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Pull versus push recon
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In reconnaissance-pull, the commander uses the products of the IPB process in an interactive and iterative way. He obtains combat information from his reconnaissance assets to determine a preferred COA for the tactical situation presented by the factors of METT-TC. In reconnaissance-push, the commander uses the products of the IPB process in an interactive, but not iterative, way with combat information obtained from his reconnaissance assets in support of a previously determined COA. The time available to a commander is normally the chief reason for preferring one method over the other.
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PURPOSE AND FUNDAMENTALS OF RECCE (FM3-21.94)
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ORIENT ON THE RECONNAISSANCE OBJECTIVE, MAINTAIN TEMPO AND FOCUS, REPORT ALL INFORMATION RAPIDLY AND ACCURATELY, RETAIN FREEDOM TO MANEUVER, ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN ENEMY CONTACT, DEVELOP THE SITUATION RAPIDLY, ACQUIRE ALL REQUIRED INFORMATION, AVOID DETECTION, EMPLOY SECURITY MEASURES, UTILIZE SENSORY TECHNIQUES
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Essential Commander's Guidance for recce
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Focus and Tempo
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The focus of the reconnaissance allows the platoon leader to
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determine which critical tasks he wants the platoon to accomplish first. It helps him narrow the platoon's scope of operations to get the information that is most important to the battalion's operations. The platoon focus is either terrain-oriented or enemy-oriented. In stability operations, the platoon might focus on local populace sentiment or on identifying local military leaders.
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The tempo of the reconnaissance allows the platoon leader to
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establish associated time requirements with planning time and movement formations and methods, such as dismounted or mounted. The platoon leader establishes the tempo by answering two questions, Is the platoon conducting stealthy or aggressive reconnaissance and is the reconnaissance deliberate or hasty.
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2 sides of Tempo
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Stealthy implies unseen time-consuming, dismounted operations minimizing chance contact where the platoon might be observed, Aggressive implies mounted fast-paced operations
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2 sides of Focus
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Deliberate reconnaissance operations are slow detailed and broad-based, Hasty reconnaissance operations focus the platoon on a few key pieces of information required by the commander
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Focus (management)
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cueing, mixing, redundancy
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Cueing is
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the integration of one or more types of reconnaissance or surveillance systems to provide information that directs follow-on collecting of more detailed information by another system
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Mixing is
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using two or more different assets to collect against the same intelligence requirement
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Redundancy is
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using two or more like assets to collect against the same intelligence requirement
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Factor of Tempo
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METT-TC (surprise, time, intel requirement, IPB quality, Terrain, weather)
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Tempo versus focus
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tempo is stealthy versus forceful (aggressive), focus is deliberate versus hasty
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7 forms of contact
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Visual contact (friendly elements may or may not be observed by the enemy), Physical contact (direct fire) with an enemy force or civilians, Indirect fire contact, Contact with obstacles of enemy or unknown origin, Contact with enemy or unknown aircraft, Situations involving nuclear, biological, or chemical (NBC) conditions, Situations involving electronic warfare tactics
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Fire commands
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Alert, WPN, Description, Direction, range, execution (followed by termination)
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Identify the Levels of War
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Strategic, Operational, Tactical
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Define and identify the purpose of combined arms
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The synchronized or simultaneous application of several arms to achieve effect on the enemy that is greater than if each arm was used against the enemy separately or in sequence
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Identify the Principles of War
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Mass, Objective, Offensive, Security, Economy of Force, Maneuver, Unity of Command, Surprise, Simplicity
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Describe the Tenets of Army Operations
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Agility, Initiative, Depth, Synchronization, Versatility
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List the Elements of Combat Power
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Maneuver, Firepower, Leadership, Protection, Information
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Identify the purpose of Defensive Operations
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Defeat enemy attacks, Buy / gain time, Economize forces, Hold key terrain, Develop conditions favorable for offensive operations
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Characteristics of the Defense
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Preparation, Security, Disruption, Massing Effects, Flexibility
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Overview of Defense
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Prepare for Combat, Move to Defensive Positions, Establish Defensive Positions, Locate the Enemy, Initiate Contact/Actions on Enemy Contact, Fight the Defense, Consolidate and Reorganize
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Defensive Positions Priorities of Work
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Establish local security, Position key weapon systems and teams, Assign sectors of fires, Designate FPLs and FPFs, Position other assets attached to the platoon, Establish the CP and wire communications, Clear fields of fire and prepare range cards and sector sketches, Coordinate with adjacent units left right forward and to the rear, Prepare primary fighting positions, Emplace obstacles and mines, Mark or improve marking the TRPs and other fire control measures, Improve primary fighting positions, Prepare alternate fighting positions, Establish a sleep and rest plan, Reconnoiter routes, Rehearse engagements Disengagements and Counterattack plans, Adjust positions or control measures as required, Stockpile ammunition Food and Water, Dig trenches to connect positions, Continue to improve positions
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4 Types of Battle Positions
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Primary, Alternate, Supplementary, Subsequent
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Levels of Preparedness for Battle Positions
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Occupied, Prepared but not occupied, Planned
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The primary position is the position that
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covers the enemy's most likely avenue of approach into the AO. It is the best position to accomplish the assigned mission such as cover an EA
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An alternate position is a defensive position that
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the commander assigns to a unit for occupation when the primary position becomes untenable or unsuitable for carrying out the assigned task. It is located so the platoon can continue to fulfill the original task such as covering the same avenue of approach or engagement area as the primary position. Alternate positions increase the defender's survivability by allowing engagement of the enemy from multiple positions
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A supplementary position is a defensive position located within
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a unit's assigned AO that provides the best sectors of fire and defensive terrain along an avenue of approach that is not the primary avenue where the enemy is expected to attack. For example, an avenue of approach into a unit's AO from one of its flanks normally requires establishing supplementary positions to allow a unit or weapon system to engage enemy forces traveling along that avenue. It can also be assigned when the platoon must cover more than one avenue of approach
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A subsequent position is a position that
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a unit expects to move to during the course of battle. A defending unit may have a series of subsequent positions. Subsequent positions can also have primary, alternate, and supplementary positions associated with them
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Identify the purpose of Offensive Operations
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To seize, retain and exploit the initiative to defeat the enemy decisively
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Describe the characteristics of the Offense
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Surprise, Concentration, Audacity, Tempo
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Describe the types of Offensive Operations
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Movement to contact, Attack, Exploitation, Pursuit
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Describe the Forms of Maneuver
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Penetration, Infiltration, Frontal Attack, Envelopment, Turning Movement
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5 PRINCIPLES OF PATROLLING
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Planning, Recon, Security, Control, Common Sense
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Battle Drills
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1a Squad/1 PLT Attack, 2 React to Contact, 3 Break Contact, 4 React To Ambush, 5 Knock out Bunker, 6 Enter Bldg/Clear Room, 7 Enter/Clear Trench, 8 Breach of Mined Wired Obstacle
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8 TROOP LEADING PROCEDURES
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Receive the Mission, Issue a Warno, Make a Tentative Plan, Start Necessary Movement, Reconnoiter, Complete the Plan, Issue the Completed Order, Supervise, Rehearse & Inspect
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7 Steps of MDMP
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Receipt of mission, Mission analysis, Course of action development, Course of action analysis, Course of action comparison, Course of action approval, Orders production
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17 Steps of MA
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1 Analyze Higher’s Order, 2 Initial IPB, 3 Specified, Implied, Mission Essential Tasks, 4 Review Available Assets, 5 Determine Constraints, 6 Facts and Assumptions, 7 Risk Assessment, 8 Initial CCIR, 9 Initial R&S Plan, 10 Plan use of time, 11 Restated Mission, 12 MA briefing, 13 Approve Restated Mission, 14 Develop Initial Cdr’s Intent, 15 Issue Cdr’s Guidance, 16 Issue a Warning Order, 17 Review Facts and Assumptions
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Tasks of Mission analysis
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Analysis of Higher Msn/Intent, Identify Specified / Implied Tasks / Essential Tasks, Review Task Org / Assets, Determine Restrictions / Constraints, Assess Risk, Identify Critical Facts / Assumptions
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MDMP WARNO/OPORD issued
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WARNO 1 after Receipt of Mission, WARNO 2 after completion of Mission Analysis, WARNO 3 after COA approval, OPORD production
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Receipt of Mission Output
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commander's guidance, WARNO 1
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MA Input
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Mission, Staff Estimates, Facts & Assumptions
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MA Output
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Initial R&S Plan, Initial CCIR, MA Brief, Restated Mission, Cdr’s Intent / Guidance, Warning Order 2, Staff Products, Battlefield Framework, Preliminary Movement
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13 Elements of commander’s guidance
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1 Specify COAs, friendly & enemy, and the priority for addressing them, 2 The CCIR, 3 Reconnaissance guidance, 4 Risk guidance, 5 Deception guidance, 6 Fire support guidance, 7 Mobility & countermobility guidance, 8 Security measures to be implemented, 9 Additional specific priorities for CS and CSS, 10 Other information the Cdr wants the staff to consider, 11 The time plan, 12 Type of order to issue, 13 Type of rehearsal to conduct
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4 steps of IPB
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define the battlefield environment, describe the battlefield's effects, evaluate the threat, determine threat COAs
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IPB Output
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MCOO, SIT TEMPS, HVTL, CRITICAL EVENTS, & EVENT TEMP
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Characteristics of CCIR
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Supports the commander’s battlefield visualization, Identifies critical decisions, Assists in determining or validating COAs, Helps filter information available to the commander, Focuses the efforts of subordinates and staff, Assists in the allocation of resources, Assists staff officers in making recommendations, 10 or less items of information, Directly affects the success or failure of the mission
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Elements of CCIR
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PIR Information about the enemy, EEFI Information needed to protect friendly forces from the enemy’s information-gathering systems, FFIR Information about the capabilities of own or adjacent units
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Tasks of Course of Action Development
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Analyze Relative Combat Power, Generate Options, Array Initial Forces, Develop the Scheme of Maneuver, Assign Headquarters, Prepare COA Statements / Sketches
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COA Dev Input
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Restated Mission, Cdr's Guidance / Intent, Staff Estimates, Enemy COAs
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COA Dev Output
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COA Stmts / Sketches, COA Brief
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Course of Action Development Criteria
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Suitability, Feasibility, Acceptability, Distinguishability, Completeness
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COA Analysis Input
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APPROVED COA, STATEMENTS & SKETCHES, UPDATED CCIRs, UPDATED IPB PRODUCTS
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COA Analysis Output
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DST & WFF SYNCH, MATRIX (PER WAR GAME), TGTING PRODUCTS,
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HPTL, AGM, TSS (PER WAR GAME), REFINED COAs, (FCOA & ECOA), REFINED EVENT TEMP, FCOAs + & - (BASED ON EVALUATION CRITERIA)
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COA Comparison Output
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DECISION MATRIX, DECISION BRIEFING
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COA Approval Output
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WARNO 3
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Pillars of IO
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electronic warfare, computer network operations, psychological operations, military deception, and operations security
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The 10 principles of Army Training
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1 Commanders are responsible for training 2 NCOs train individuals, crews, and small teams, 3 Train as a combined arms and joint team, 4 Train for combat proficiency (Realistic conditions, Performance-oriented), 5 Train to standard using appropriate doctrine, 6 Train to adapt, 7 Train to maintain and sustain, 8 Train using multi-echelon techniques, 9 Train to sustain proficiency, 10 Train and develop leaders
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Adult learning theory Speck (1996) notes that the following important points
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1 "Adults will commit to learning when the goals and objectives are considered realistic and important to them, 2 Adults want to be the origin of their own learning and will resist learning activities they believe are an attack on their competence, 3 Adult learners need to see that the professional development learning relevant, 4 Adult learners need direct, concrete experiences in which they apply the learning in real work, 5 Adult learning has ego involved. Professional development must be structured to provide support from peers and to reduce the fear of judgment during learning, 6 Adults need to receive feedback on how they are doing and the results of their efforts, 7 Adults need to participate in small-group activities during the learning to move them beyond understanding to application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Small-group, 8 Adult learners come to learning with a wide range of previous experiences, knowledge, self-direction, interests, and competencies, 9 Transfer of learning for adults is not automatic and must be facilitated / coaching is needed
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5 principles to facilitate self-direction and critical thinking in their students
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1 The program should incorporate critical thinking in its curriculum, 2 The program must have assessment tools for learners’ performance and expected performance in critical thinking, 3 The program should specifically focus on opportunities for self-directed learning, 4 The program should promote learning networks and learning exchanges, 5 The program should provide staff training on self-directed learning and critical thinking and broaden the opportunities for implementation
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There are four critical elements of learning that must be addressed to ensure that participants learn
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motivation, reinforcement, retention, transference
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What is the difference between cover and concealment?
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Cover is protection from small arms fire
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What does BMNT and EENT mean?
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BMNT- Beginning of morning Nautical Twlight EENT- End of Evening Nautical Twlight.
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What is the difference between fire and movement, and fire and maneuver?
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Fire and movement- pertains to individual rushes and firing under movement. Fire and maneuver- pertains to one element laying down a base of fire while another element maneuvers to attack
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Name four elements of a combat patrol?
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Assault, Security, Support and Headquarters.
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