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78 Cards in this Set

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How do heat detectors work?

Sense when air temperature becomes too high.

How do smoke detectors work, and why are they a better choice than heat detectors?

Use ionization or photoelectricity to sense when smoke is in the air.




These are the better option as smoke usually occurs before the heat significantly rises.

How do flame detectors work?

Monitor for wavelengths (usually infrared or ultraviolet) that can be thrown off by waves or embers.



What are fire suppression systems based on, and in what conditions are they most useful for?

Based on carbon dioxide, halons, dry chemicals and foams.




They are useful in situations where water would be hazardous, such as with electrical fires or flammable liquids.

Define 1st degree burn.

Superficial with some reddening and pain. Healing takes 5-10 days.



Define 2nd degree burn

Deep with blisters and pain. healing can take as long as a month.



Define 3rd degree burn

Skin is destroyed and healing can take many months.

What is the newer way to classify burns?

Superficial, deep, full.

What 3 factors should be remembered when thinking about chemical hazards?

1. Compounds that are known hazards may not be dangerous at low concentrations.




2. Compounds that aren't normally dangerous may become dangerous when used in certain ways.




3. Compounds that aren't normally dangerous may become dangerous when mixed with other compounds.

Define latency period.

The amount of time between exposure to a chemical and observable effects of that chemical.

Acute exposure.

Disease or effects that occur after only one exposure to a chemical.



Chronic exposure.

Disease or effects that occur only after repeated exposure to a chemical.

Local effects.

Effects from a chemical that injure the skin, eyes, or respiratory system.



Systemic effects.

Effects from a chemical that damage organs or biological functions.

Asphyxiants.

Materials that displace oxygen, interfering with breathing and oxygen transport in the blood.

Nuisance dusts

Cause irritation and coughing but have no long-term dangerous effects on the body.

Carcinogens

Produce cancer in animals or humans

Mutagens

Change the genetic structure of an animal or human, affecting the health of future generations.

Name some types of chemicals that can cause chemical burns.

Acids and alkalines


Soaps and detergents


Cleaning compounds


Solvents


Degreasers

What factors affect the severity of dust explosions?

1. Type of dust


2. Size of the dust particle (smaller particles ignite more easily)


3. Concentration of particles in the air (higher concentrations increase flammability)


4. Presence of oxygen (oxygen facilitates combustion)


5. Presence of impurities (inert materials mixed in with dust reduces its combustibility)


6. Moisture content (Moisture increases the ignition temperature, decreasing the likelihood of combustion)


7. Air turbulence (combustion occurs more readily and explosions are more severe when air turbulence mixes the dust and air together)

Define ignition temperature/combustion point

Refer to the point at which a fuel bursts into flame.



Conduction

Direct thermal energy transfer

Convection

Heat transfer through the movement of hot gases

Spontaneous combustion

When natural decomposition of materials lead to higher temperatures and fire

Hypergolic reactions

When fuels are mixed

Define Arcing

Current flowing through the air between two conductors that aren't touching.

What are the three most common electrical hazards?

1. Electric shock


2. Heat and Fire


3. Explosion

What does the severity of electric shock depend on?

1. Type of current (AC or DC)


2. The amount of current


3. The length of exposure


4. The part of the body through which the current passes

What is a Class A explosive (Defined by DOT)?

Most dangerous type. These explosives possess a detonating hazard (e.g. black powder, dynamite, nitroglycerin, and some types of ammunition).

What is a Class B explosive (Defined by DOT)?

Less dangerous because they function by rapid combustion instead of detonation (e.g. fireworks, signal devices, smokeless powders, and some types of ammunition).

What is a Class C explosive (Defined by DOT)?

Least dangerous. Examples include certain types of fireworks and manufactured items that contain restricted amounts of Class A and/or Class B explosives.

What are the 3 main causes of damage and injury from explosions?

1. Blast wave effects - hit objects and then relfect off and hit more objects with even more pressure.


2. Thermal effects


3. Fragment damage

What three things affect severity of damage from a blast wave?

1. Pressure


2. Duration


3. Drag force of the blast

Define flash point

The lowest temperature at which a flammable liquid can form an ignitable mixture in the air.

Define Lower Flammable limit

The lowest concentration of vapor to air at which a flame will develop. At Lower levels, the mixture is too lean to ignite.

Define Upper Flammable limit

The highest concentration of vapor to air at which a flame will develop. At higher levels, the mixture is too rich to ignite.

Define vapor volume

The amount of flammable vapor in the air above a flammable liquid.

T/F: OSHA requires companies to have written evacuation plans for buildings?

True. The plan must also include:


1. Exit routes must be clearly marked


2. Must specify how to communicate the emergency to everyone in the building


3. Specify an outside assembly area where employees must gather

The higher the category of GHS flammable liquids, the _______ the liquid is.

Less dangerous.



What is the flash point and initial boiling point of a GHS Category 1 Flammable liquid?

<23C, Less than or equal to 35C

What is the flash point and initial boiling point of a GHS Category 2 Flammable liquid?

<23C and bp > 35C

What is the flash point and initial boiling point of a GHS Category 3 Flammable liquid?

FP is greater then 23C and less than 60C

What is the flash point and initial boiling point of a GHS Category 4 Flammable liquid?

FP is 60C and less than or equal to 93C.

What does a combustible gas meter read?

The lower flammable limit

Hot work permits control what?

Fuel.

How far away do hot work permits typically require fuels to be moved?

35 feet from the heat source

How do combustible gas instruments work?

They work on the principle of catalytic combustion. They typically have a wheatstone bridge circuit that contains an active filament (usually platinum) which heats when a sample gas passes across it with a resultant change in resistance. This is what the meter reads.

What are the following temperature ranges, fusible link colors and frangible bulbs for ordinary temperature classified sprinklers?

1. 135-170F


2. Uncolored


3. Orange (135F), Red (155F)

What are the following temperature ranges, fusible link colors and frangible bulbs for Intermediate temperature classified sprinklers?

1. 175-225F


2. White


3. Yellow (175 F), Green (200)

What are the following temperature ranges, fusible link colors and frangible bulbs for High temperature classified sprinklers?

1. 250-300F


2. Blue


3. Blue

What are the following temperature ranges, fusible link colors and frangible bulbs for Extra High temperature classified sprinklers?

1. 325-375F


2. Red


3. Purple

What is another term for friction loss and what is it?

1. Head


2. Loss of pressure that occurs in a pipe or duct flow due to the effect of the fluid's viscosity (resistance to flow) near the surface of the pipe or duct




Note: When calculating flow problems, and head is introduced, the total pressure is going to be initial pressure - head.

How is total dynamic head calculated?

Calculate the vertical rise, the friction losses, and add them together.

Define a dry pipe sprinkler.

Contains a pressurized gas in the piping above ground level and is used where freezing is a concern.

Define a wet pipe sprinkler.

Contains pressurized water all of the time.

Define a pre-action sprinkler.

A non-pressurized (flat) system with a water supply valve activated by a detection device and is used where water damage is a concern.

Define a Deluge sprinkler.

An open sprinkler head with a water supply valve activated by a detection device in which copious amounts of water are provided.

What 3 parts does a mean of egress consist of (according to NFPA 101)?

1. Exit access


2. Exit


3. The exit discharge to a public way

When are 2 distinct exits required for a room (NFPA 101)?

When there are 50 or more people

Materials containing which elements typically burn?

1. Carbon


2. Hydrogen


3. Oxygen

What type of elements are used to extinguish fires?

Halogens

What two things are used to minimize problems associated with static accumulation when conducting operations with flammable liquids?

1. Grounding


2. Bonding - equalizes a charge

In terms of voltage and current, define static.

High voltage, low current.

Define a Class I, Division I hazard (NFPA 70)

Ignitable concentrations of flammable gases or vapors existing under normal operating conditions or exist frequently due to repair or leakage or where breakdown or repair might release ignitable concentrations and might cause simultaneous failure of electrical equipment.

Define a Class I, Division 2 hazard (NFPA 70)

Volatile flammable liquids or gases are handled, processed or used, but are normally confined within closed containers or systems.

Define a Class II, Division I hazard (NFPA 70)

Combustible dust in the air under normal operating conditions (grain elevator) sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures.

Define a Class II, Division 2 hazard(NFPA 70)

Sufficient quantities of dust not normally present.

Define a Class III, Division I hazard (NFPA 70)

Location in which easily ignitable fibers are handled, manufactured, or used

Define a Class III, Division 2 hazard (NFPA 70)

Easily ignitable fibers are stored or handled

At what pressure are fire extinguisher cylinders hydrostatically tested?

At 150% of their maximum allowable working pressure.

What fires are appropriate for the following extinguishers: A, B, C, D, K

A - Wood, paper trash


B - Flammable liquids


C - Electricity


D - Metals


K - Cooking oils and fats

Define conflageration

An extensive fire that destroys a great deal of land and property

What type of extinguishing agent should be used for a Class A fire?

Water, chemical foam or dry chemicals

What type of extinguishing agent should be used for a Class B fire?

CO2, Halon, dry chemical, aqueous film forming foam

What type of extinguishing agent should be used for a Class C fire?

Co2, halon, dry chemical

What type of extinguishing agent should be used for a Class D fire?

Dry powder (suitable for the specific combustible dry metal)

What type of extinguishing agent should be used for a Class K fire?

Potassium acetate mixed with water (wet chemical)

Define Thermal lag

Fixed temperature heat detector because they sometimes activate at room temperatures above their present temperature