Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Plaster |
Plaster is a cementitious material applied in layers to both exterior and interior surfaces. Made of Portland cement (exterior plaster or stucco), or gypsum and lime (interior plaster); an aggregate such as sand, vermiculite, and perliteb and enoug water to form a paste. Some cases hair, fibers, or mineral aggregates are added to impart a deaired quality. Applied in 2 or 3 coats over concrete, masonry, or metal lath. Also can come in: Acoustical plaster - for acoustical treatment Bonding plaster - interior concrete walls and ceilings Fire-resistant plaster - provides fire resistance on steel and other materials. Keene's cement plaster - contains lime putty for hard, water-resistant finish. Lightweight plaster - contains vermiculite and perlite for fire resistance. Typically applied in three coats: Scratch, brown, and then finish coats.Before placing plaster trim shapes are set into the wall such as metal corner beads for protection of corners and plaster grounds and screeds to ensure level and plumb surfaces. Over metal lath min 5/8", gypsum lath 1/2 and exterior between 3/4 - 7/8" |
|
|
Plaster bases |
Bases for plaster include concrete, masonry, and lath. Concrete and masonry surfaces must be sufficiently rough and porous to provide a good bond: in lieu of such a bse, lath should be spread over the surface, on furring channels, prior to plastering. Metal Lath: is a sheet metal or wire fabric into which a base coat of plaster is keyed. It is made from copper alloy steel coated with a rust-inhibiting paint or from galv steel. Comes in diamond mesh, rib lath, and woven wire mesh or lath. When plastered the metal lath is completely embedded and creates a mechanical bond between metal and plaster. Lathing board (plasterboard) made of gypsum mixed with water and sandwiched between two paper sheets for adhesion for plaster. can be perforated for better mechanical keying, reflective aluminum foil (vapor/thermal) and type x (fire resistance). |
|
|
Gypsum Board |
Also known as drywall or sheetrock, it is made of gypsum plaster core reinforced with paper or other materials. Comes in widths of 4 feet and lengths between 6-12' and from 1/4" thickness to 5/8". Applied directly to metal or wood framework or to concrete or masonry walls above grade with screws, nails, or adhesive. Tape with joint compound covers holes and joints, then sanded and painted. |
|
|
Gypsum board types |
Regular Board: Surfacing for walls and ceilings. Backing Board: Backing for other materials, such as acoustical tile. Insulating board: Aluminum foil laminated to one side, which serves as a reflective insulation and vapor barrier. Type X board: for fire-resistive rating. Moisture-resistant board: Backing for ceramic tile in high moisture areas. Decorative Board: Pre-finished with decorative paper or vinyl in various textures, patterns, and colors. |
|
|
Ceramic Tile |
Ceramic tiles are small, flat units composed of clay or clay mixtures fired in kilns at high temperatures. They are set on the floor, wall, or ceiling to provide permanent, waterproof, durable, and easily maintained finish surfaces. Manufactured by burning clays that have been pressed into the desired shape through either the dust-pressed process or plastic process. |
|
|
Ceramic Tile Vitrification |
the fusion of the tile after firing, is a measure of tile density and the common classifications are: Non-vitreous tile: has a moisture absorption rate between 7 and 15 percent of weight in moisture. Semi-vitreous tile: has a moisture absorption rate between 3 and 7 percent. Vitreous tile: absorbs less than 3 percent of its weight in moisture and has a density that can't be penetrated by dirt. Impervious tile: repels almost all moisture and dirty. it is extremely hard and only available by special order. |
|
|
Ceramic Tile Finishes |
Finishes vary greatly but essentially are glazed or unglazed. Glazed tiles have a glassy, waterproof surface produced by ceramic material that is fused on their faces. The glazes may have several different textures, or degrees of matte finish, and range from pure white to jet black and every color in between. Unglazed tiles derive color and texture from the clays used, or from minerals added prior to firing. Common ceramic tile types: Glazed interior tile: non-vitreous, dust pressed, and used for interior applications. Glazed waterproof tile: Semi-vitreous or vitreous, may be used for moderate exterior wear. Ceramic mosaic tile. Generally unglazed, semi-vitreous and less than 6 sq inches. often factor-mounted on large paper sheets for ease of installation, and used on both interior/exterior. Quarry Tile: Unglazed units, made by plastic process, nearly impervious to moisture, dirt, and stains. Weatherproof, durable, and suitable for heavy duty use. Other: Porcelain, glass, terrazzo. and stone. |
|
|
Setting Tile |
Setting tile requires great care. Backing surface must be rigid, water-resistant, and level/plumb. If done poorly can lead to movement, cracking and possible leaking. Frequently set in cement bed approx. 1 in thick and composed of one part portland cement, half part hydrated lime, and five parts sand. Can also be set in an adhesive (thinset) or a mastic (organic mortar). Spacers are inserted between tiles to keep equally spaced, level, plumb, and square. Once cemented in the tiles are grouted and pointed with a rich mixture of cement and hydrated lime, and then wiped clean. Can also come in prefab panels that fit standard tub and shower base dimensions. Use plastic adhesive as joint filler. |
|
|
Plastics |
Plastic products have replaced mahy building elements formely made from other materials, such as flashing, flooring, countertops, etc. One material in great use is Plastic Siding. It is made from a vinyl plastic available in many colors, textures, and with/without insulation backing. Other plastic items include countertops with molded-in lavatory, plastic baths and showers. All of these manufactured from various acrylics or fiberglass. |
|
|
Flooring |
Is the surface on which people and equipment move about a building, and can range from painted concrete to complex parquet wood floor. Since flooring can come in virtually every material its selection is complex and based on occupancy, location, anticipated uses, initial cost, resistance to fire, noise, and dirt, frequency and cost of maintenance, comfort, and appearance and personal preference. For example: Concrete, ceramic tile, and terrazzo are highly durable for heavy foot, cork, rubber, and carpet are good for noise control. Vinyl is grease-resistant, brick is fire- resistant, and synthetic resin surfaces require little maintenance. |
|
|
Wood Flooring |
Wood flooring is durable, comfortable, easily maintained, and attractive. It is manufactured under strict rules that control the grand and moisture content of the wood. Close-grained, hard, and durable species of hardwood (oak, maple, birch, beech, and pecan) and softwood (pine, fir, spruce, hemlock, and redwood). It may be plain-sawed or quarter-sawed, but vertical grain boards are preferred. The basic types of flooring are strip, plank, and block, typically fastened to the subfloor by nails, screws, or mastic cements and available pre-finished or unfinished. Wood flooring is still susceptible to swelling and shrinkage due to humidity so needs to have sufficient expansion space at the perimeter. |
|
|
Strip flooring |
strip flooring is available in various thicknesses (5/16" - 25/32") in widths (1 1/2" to 3 1/2") and in random lengths. Often have tongue-and-groove sides and ends. Strip flooring is applied over a wood subfloor or on wood sleepers (horizontal members that elevate the finish above the subfloor) and generally fastened by nailing. Also may be applied directly to a concrete slab using waterproof adhesives. Strips are laid in conventional parallel lines or in complex parquet designs. |
|
|
Plank Flooring |
Available in the same thickness (5/16" - 25/32") and widths varying from 3 1/4" - 8". Laid in random widths with a V-groove where the board edges meet. Wide planks are susceptible to warpage, so face screwed to the subfloor, then plugged and finished smooth. |
|
|
Parquet Flooring |
Parquet flooring consists of prefabricated squares measuring about 9-12" square and thickness from 1/2" - 25/32". May be solid strips held together with splines or plywood veneers, and they are available unfinished or prefinished, with square or tongue-and-groove edges. Thin block flooring is fastened with nails or adhesives. Solid block flooring consists of end-grained blocks that have been treated with creosote against moisture and delay. Usually set in a coating of bituminous material and is very chemically resistant to oil, grease, and mild chemicals. Used in workshops or industrial buildings, where heavy-duty floor is required. |
|
|
Mortar-Set Flooring |
Brick - almost any type of brick can be used as a finish flooring. Acid-resistance brick is often used for industrial flooring. Bricks and paving bricks are dense, and hard, and not typically used as an interior floor (porous and uneven), and is set in a mortar bed can also use thinset, adhesive, or sand (exterior and tight joints) Slate - very durable, attractive, and expensive. Can be rough or smooth, rigidly rectangular or completely irregular and comes in many natural colors. Is about 1in thick and laid in a mortar bed, joints grouted and finished flush, can also use adhesives or sand (exterior). Stone flooring - limestone, sandstone (flagstone), granite, and marble. All stone flooring is about 1in thick and has a relatively smooth surface. It is hard, durable, heavy, and can be easily stained (for color). |
|
|
Poured-in-place flooring |
Terrazzo - is a concrete topping consisting of marble chips in cement or synthetic resin binder, ground, and then polished to a smooth finish. Terrazzo is dense, permanent, hard-weathering, and relatively expensive. Topping slab is 5/8in thick and generally laid over a 2-1/2in thick concrete setting bed, which is usually laid over rough concrete, wood, or steel deck. A disadvantage to terrazzo is its tendency to crack, but can be alleviated with the use of regularly-spaced divider strips (plastic or metal) and are partially embedded in setting bed, marble chip topping slab is poured between divider strips. Synthetic floors omit these. Available in lots of colors, depending on cement and marble chips. Comes in several prefabricated shapes (tiles, stair treads, and covered bases.) Magnesite seamless floors (magnesium oxychloride) are made from composition of magnesium oxide, sand, and magnesium chloride, which forms a plastic material that is troweled to a smooth finish. Resistant to stains and fire, somewhat resilient, and relatively inexpensive. It is appropriate for use in schools, offices, and industrial buildings. |
|
|
Poured-in-place (continued) |
Elastomeric floors - are composed of clear urethane resin applied as liquid over an elastomer underlayment. They are generally hard, durable, and generally easy to maintain. Colored vinyl chips are often embedded in urethane for their decorative effeft. Rubberized plastic floors - floors consist of several layers of various neoprene compositions troweled over a waterproof latex membrane. The finish is smooth, durable, and completely waterproof. May be used on exterior and interior. Paint-type - floor finishes consist if a synthetic resin (epoxy, urethane, polyesters) and an activator. When mixed are applied directly to Concrete, wood, or metal to produce an exceptionally hard, durable, wear-resistant, easily-maintained, greaseproof finish. |
|
|
Resilient flooring |
Resilient flooring materials are durable, non-absorbent, comfortable, and easily maintained, thin (1/16 to 3/16in thick) and available in tiles (9 or 12in square) or in sheets about 6ft long. Laid over smooth wood or concrete subfloors and cemented in place with mastic cements. Also available in trim shapes. Vinyl - available in sheet or tiled abd may be used above or below grade. It is very resilient; durable; resistant to indentations, oil, and water, and is easily maintained. Great for kitchens, lots of colors, moderately expensive. Asphalt - tile is relatively inexpensive and very durable, yet lacks resilience. Asphalt tiles can be installed above or below grade in areas of heavy traffic. Linoleum - durable, resilient, easily maintained, and relatively inexpensive for long life. Lots of colors, can't be used below grade or where surface moisture is present. Rubber - made of synthetic rubber. It's durable elastic, quiet under foot, easily maintained, and moderately expensive. Cannot resist oils or grease. Cork - available in sheets or time with a synthetic resin binder. Highly resilient, resisting to staining, durable, easily maintained and excellent acoustical properties |
|
|
Carpeting |
Can be installed directly over subfloor (concrete or wood deck). It is classified by material (acrylic fibers, nylon, polyester wool), by manufacturing method (tufting, weaving, needle punching) and by texture (low pile, high pile). Most commercial grades of carpeting are durable, soil-resistant, and relatively inexpensive to maintain but durability depends on several factors. With pile carpets the density of the pile (tufts per square inch) is most important, and the use of a cushion below the carpet, can come with integral foam backing. Carpets need some maintenance and need to be shampooed periodically. Fiber treatment can produce mothproof, mildew-resistant, flame-resistant, stain-resistant, and antistatic. Has a high initial cost but the most economical when lifecyle is considered. |
|
|
Acoustical work |
Materials thar control sound, usually by absorption. They may be classified as: Acoustical Tiles - wood, mineral, or glass fibers with perforated, textures, or patterned surface that allow sound to penetrate. Light weight, fragile, and most often factory finished (painting could cause acoustical issues). Come in 1,2, and 4 foot modules, rabbeted, beveled, t&g and square. Acoustical panels - made of perforated steel, aluminum, fiberboard, or hardboard, then backed with soft, sound-absorbing batt or blanket. Permanent, durable, and acoustical properties based on amount and size of perforations and the sound absorption quality of batt or blanket. Wet materials - acoustical plaster and mineral fiber products to which a binding agent is added. Then trowled or sprayed on creating a incombustible surface. Has acoustical and thermal values. Good for irregular shapes and can be installed quickly and effectively. Vibration control - isolating or reducing mechanical vibrations in or near a building. Dense material (lead, solid concrete block, concrete) is used to isolate the building from the vibration source. |
|
|
Painting |
Paint is a protective coating that combines pigment and a vehicle. When applied to a prepared surface, this forms a solid film that creates a barrier between the material painted and the substrate that may be effected by the elements. Pigments are finely ground solids that are held in suspension by the vehicle, and they provide the color as well as the hiding power (opacity). Hiding power is a function of the difference in indices of refraction of the pigment and the vehicle. A larger difference equals more hiding power and can minimize the effects of sunlight, as much of the light is reflected. Colored pigments are finely ground inorganic materials such as iron oxide (yellow color) and sodium silicate (blue color), or synthetic pigments that can produce full color range. Extender pigments are added to control gloss, increase durability, improve workability, and reduce cost. |
|
|
Painting (continued) |
Vehicles are the liquid portion of the paint, consists of a binder that forms the paint film , dries to speed up curing, and solvents/thinners that control consistency and aid in drying time. Solvent determines drying method, either by oxidation, evaporation, or thermosetting (applied heat). Driers (like linseed oil) have the ability to absorb oxygen and change into a solid state. Resins are natural or synthetic add to a paints durability and protective coating. |
|
|
Paints (continued) |
Paint types are numerous and widely varied. They can be classified by location (exterior enamel); by the material on which they are applied (wood stain); by their finish (gloss, semi-gloss, eggshell, etc); or by their unique characteristics (lacquer). Some common paint types include Pigmented coatings, clear coatings, bituminous coatings, concrete, fire- resistant, rust-preventive, antibacterial, epoxy, and specialty. |
|
|
Pigmented Coatings |
Pigmented coatings consist of a white pigment to which color may be added, and a vehicle. They include house paints, metallic paints, colored lacquers, water -based paints, and synthetic resin paints and are generally available ready-mixed for immediate use. Enamels are pigmented paints that use varnish as a the vehicle. They form a hard tough film that is durable and resistant to weathering. Enamels are available in glass or matte finish. Baked enamels are always factory-applied as they require controlled baking at 200-300 degrees F to harden. The finish is hard, durable, washable, and resistant to most mild chemicals. |
|
|
Clear coatings |
Clear coatings protect and beautify surfaces without obscuring their natural appearance. Many clear coats have changed the their compositions to reduce VOC emissions. Varnishes use polyurethanes and acrylic modified urethanes. Lacquers use acrylic lacquers. Shellac has been replaced by water-based primer-sealers and shellac as a floor finish has been replaced by acrylic modified urethanes. Clear sealers include a variety of systems that prepare surfaces for another finish. Water-borne sealers and water-repellant compounds are now available in acrylic, urethane and other low VOC binders. Stains although not strictly a clear coating, have a low pigment content and do not obscure the natural wood grain or substrate. They have low viscosity and deep penetration; because absorbed by the substrate rather than producing a film, the substrate and its grain remain visable. |
|
|
Bituminous coatings |
Bituminous coatings are made from coal tar and asphalt, and are used as a protective coating for submerged ferrous metal and for waterproofing masonry materials. Coal tar pitch must be melted to a fluid for application. It is used to protect metal applied by dipping. It can be hot or cold applied and is used as a waterproofing agent. Asphalt coatings are available as paints, enamels, and emulsions. They are more weather resistant and less affected by temperature extremes compared to coal tar pitch, and are commonly used in dampproofing and waterproofing work. |
|
|
Miscellaneous Coatings |
Cemente coatings consist of Portland cement, and sometimes lime (with water as the vehicle). They also may contain pigments, water-repellants, or fillers. Cement coatings are used for damp-proofing masonry and concrete surfaces and for steel protection. Fire-resistant and flame proof paints (intumescent paints) do not support combustion and have developed where they can have fire ratings that can be used to protect structural steel in fire rated construction. They can also be used to improve flame-spread ratings and stop heat transfer to combustible materials. |
|
|
Miscellaneous Coatings (continued) |
Rust-preventive paints and primers are characterized by their rust-inhibitive qualities, low permeability to corrosive elements, and low water absorption. They are available as primers and finish paints , and are typically made with zinc or portland cement (in some cases) as the principle ingredient. Antibacterial and insecticidal paints are produced by adding counteracting ingredients to the paint. Some ingredients can lose effectiveness over time and others can be harmful to plants and animals. Epoxy coatings resist chemicals, moisture, or stains and available in either one-part or two-part coatings. |
|
|
Paint Application |
Paint application requires knowledge, skill, and understanding of painting materials and methods. Paint can be applied with brushes, rollers, trowels, spray, or rags at the job site, or by dipping, tumbling, or spraying at the mill, factory, or shop. All materials recieving paint must be properly prepared to insure adhesion for longest life of the coating. Surfaces should be clean, dry, and free of all corrosion, grease, or surface defects that could prevent adhesion. Ideally applied between 55 and 85 degrees. Architects should also specify the surface preparation, method of application, and the number of coats. Painted surfaces must eventually be maintained or refinished but patin failures (blistering, scaling, and peeling) can be minimized if the surfaces are clean of all moisture, well prepared, and finished with the correct coating. |
