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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the origin of the DIAPHRAGM
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Xyphoid process of the sternum
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What is the course of the DIAPHRAGM
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Superiorly and medially
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What is the insertion of DIAPHRAGM
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Central tendon (aponeurosis)
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What is the innervation of the DIAPHRAGM
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Phrenic nerve from cervical plexus of spinal nerves C3 C4 C5
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What is the function of the DIAPHRAGM
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Quiet inhalation
Contraction increases size of thorax |
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What is the Origin of the EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
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Inferior surface of ribs 1-11
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What is the course of the EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
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Down and obliquely
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What is the insertion of the EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
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Crest of the rib below
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What is the innervation of the EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
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Intercostal nerves
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What is the function of the EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
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Raises ribs
Quiet inhalation |
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What is the origin of the INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
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Inferior margins of ribs 1-11
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What is the course of INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
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Down and lateral
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What is the insertion of the INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
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Crest of rib below
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What is the Innervation of the INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
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Intercostal nerves
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What is the function of the INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
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Raises ribs for quiet inhalation
Lowers ribs for exhalation ( primary function) |
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What is the origin of the STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
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Anterior surface of sternum
Superior surface of the medial end of the clavicle |
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What is the course of the STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
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Upward
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What is the insertion of the STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
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Mastoid process of the temporal bone
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What is the innervation of the STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
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XI accessory nerve
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What is the function of the STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
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Head rotation
When head fixed, raises ribs for forced inhalation |
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TRANSVERSE THORACIC function
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Lowers ribs for exhalation
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LEVATORES COSTARUM function
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RAISES RIBS FOR FORCED INHALATION
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SERRATUS POSTERIOR SUPERIOR function
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Raises ribs for forced inhalation
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SERRATUS POSTERIOR INFERIOR function
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Lowers ribs for Exhalation
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SCALENES function
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Raises ribs 1 & 2 for forced inhalation
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LATISSIMUS DORSI function
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Raises lower ribs for forced inhalation
Compresses thorax for exhalation |
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PECTORALIS MAJOR function
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Raises ribs for forced inhalation
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PECTORALIS MINOR function
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Raises upper ribs for forced inhalation
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SUBCLAVIUS function
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Raises rib 1 for forced inhalation
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EXTERNAL OBLIQUES function
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Compresses viscera for exhalation
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INTERNAL OBLIQUES function
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Compresses viscera for exhalation
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TRANSVERSE ABDOMINIS function
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Compresses viscera for exhalation
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RECTUS ABDOMINIS function
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Compresses viscera for exhalation
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Muscles of quiet inhalation
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Diaphragm
External Intercostals Internal Intercostals |
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Muscles of Exhalation
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Internal intercostals, subcostals, transverse thoracics, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, serratus posterior inferior, latissumis dorsi
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Muscles of forced inhalation
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Levatores costarum, serratus posterior superior, sternocleidomastiod, latissumis dorsi, pecoralis major and minor, subclavius
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Tidal volume
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What we inhale and exhale (10% of total lung capacity)
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Inspiratory reserve volume
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volum of air inhaled after inspiration (taking a deep breath)
40% of TLC |
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Expiratory reserve volume
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Exhaling as much as you can forcibly after passive exhalation
30% of TLC |
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Residual volume
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Volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation
20% of TLC |
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Why will Residual volume always remain?
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You can never completely exhale because lungs will collapse. Keeps lungs inflated
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Vital capacity
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80%
TV+ERV+IRV |
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Inspiratory capactiy
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50%
IR+TV |
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Functional residual capacity
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50%
RV+ERV |
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Total lung capacity
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IRV+FRC+TV
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Acoustical energy
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Air molecule compression
Traveling through air |
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Mechanical energy
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Tissue vibration
Across or through another structure |
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Hydroaulic
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Liquid compression waves
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Electrical energy
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Nervous transmission
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PRINCIPLE PART OF THE EAR
External or outer ear |
Pinna, auricle
External auditory meatus (EAM) Composed of cartilage and bone |
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PRINCIPLE PART OF THE EAR
Middle- Tympanic cavity |
3 tiny bones (ossicles)
Tympanic membrane (TM) (ear drum) |
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PRINCIPLE PARTS OF THE EAR
Inner |
Cochlea (Sound reception)
Vestibule (Balance) VIII auditory cranial nerve |
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The Outer ear (1)
Principle parts of the pinna |
Helix
Tragus |
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The outer ear (2)
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Oriented forward
Made up of cartilage |
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The outer ear (3)
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Attaches to temporal bone lateral to the petrous portion
Loss results in -3 to -5 dB f loudness |
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The EAM
(1) |
2-3 cm long
Curved, irregular canal Made up of cartilage and bone segments |
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The EAM (2)
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From the TM it angles down for drainage in an adult
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The EAM (3)
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Secretes cerumen and grows hair
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Tympanic membrane (1)
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MEDIAL boundry of the outer ear
LATERAL boundry of the middle ear |
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Tympanic membrane (2)
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Sits at 45 degrees to the EAM floor
Cone shaped Extremely thin, pilable,, tough Composed of 3 layers (Outer, inner, middle) |
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Outer layer of the Tympanic membrane
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Continous with the cutaneous tissue of the EAM
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Inner layer of the Tympanic membrane
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Continuous with the mucous lining of the middle ear
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Middle layer of the Tympanic membrane
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2 sets of fibers (radiating, circular)
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Middle layer of the tympanic membrane (2)
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Fibers are deficient at the notch of Rivinus
Flaccid section (pars flacida) Behind it is the manubrum of the malleus Center is the umbo |
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Middle ear ossicles
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Malleus-hammer
Incus- anvil Stapes-stirrup |
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Middle ear ossicles (2)
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Smallest bones in the body
Their articulatory chain transmits the sound energy to the inner ear and in so doing, - amplifies low intensity sounds, diminishes high intensity sounds somewhat |
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Malleus - hammer
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Manubrium attaches to the TM at the umbo and along the length of the manubrium
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Malleus (2)
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Head of the malleus articulates with the body of the incus
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Incus- anvil
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Body of the incus articulates eith the head of the malleus
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Incus (2)
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Has 2 processes
Long process articulates with the head of the stapes |
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Stapes (stirrup)
Smallest |
Head od the stapes articulates with the long process of the incus
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Stapes (2)
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Has two crura which connect to an oblong footplate
Footplate articulates with the vestibule at the oval window (entrance to the inner ear) |
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Muscles of the middle ear
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Tensor tympani
Stapedius |
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What is the innervation of the Tensor tympani
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V trigeminal
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What is the function of the Tensor Tympani
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Draws malleus medially and anteriorly to reduce movement of the ossicular chain and the TM (protection of loud sounds)
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What is the innervation of the Stapedius
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VII facial nerve
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What is the function of the stapedius
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Draws stapes posteriorly to reduce movement of the ossicular chain and reduced compression of the oval window
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Acoustic reflex
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Created by both middle ear muscles working together
Evoked at 80-90 dB threshold |
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Acoustic Reflex (2)
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Even anticipation of sound can trigger it
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Problems with acoustic reflex
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Latent response (inneffective in explosive noises)
Fatigues over time (Ineffective in long exposures of sound) |
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Superorior middle ear cavity
Roof |
Brain
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Inferior (middle ear cavity)
Floor |
Jugular vein
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Lateral (middle ear cavity)
Membranous |
External auditory meatus
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Medial (middle war cavity)
Labyrinthian |
Vestibule and cochlea
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Anterior
Carotid |
Carotid artery
Eustacian tube |
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Posterior
Mastoid |
Mastoid air cells
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what is the end organ for hearing
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Cochlea
(inner ear) |
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What is the end organ for balance
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Vestibular
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Bony semicircular canals
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Situated at nearly right angles to each other
Posterior, superior, lateral (horizontal, external, horizontal) Slight dialation where each joins at the vestibule is AMPULLA |
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What is the center core of the Bony cochlea
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Modiolous
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Where does the bony cochlea end
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Apex- helicotrema
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Where are the openings of the bony cochlea
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At the vestibule
at the round window (middle ear) |
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Bony cochlea
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Projecting spiral shelf- spiral lamina( houses all the cells you need for hearing)
Completes 2 3/4 spiral turn |
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Perilymph (extra fine filtrate of blood)
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Thin, wateey in composition
Originates from the membrane lining in the bony labyrinth Similar to CSF from the covering of the brain |
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organ of corti
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Two pillars of corti
inner hair cells Outer hair cells Tunnel of corti between them filled with cortilymph |
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PATH OF SOUND TO THE BRAIN
(1) |
ACOUSTIC ENERGY
gathered by auricle Channeled into the EAM Strikes and vibrates the Tympanic membrane |
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PATH OF SOUND TO THE BRAIN
(2) |
MECHANICAL ENERGY
Malleus, incus, stapes (ossicular chain) Oval window Vibrates the footplate in the wall of the vestibule |
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PATH OF SOUND TO THE BRAIN
(3) |
HYDRAULIC ENERGY - perilymph
Vestibule Scala vestibuli compresses reisners membrane |
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PATH OF SOUND TO THE BRAIN
(4) |
MECHANICAL AND HYRAULIC- endoylmph
Compresses tectorial membrane Disturbs hair cells in organ of corti Compresses basilar membrane |
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PATH OF SOUND TO THE BRAIN
(5) |
AT THE SAME TIME...
ELECTRICAL ENERGY VIII auditory nerve to the brain temporal lobe Broadmanns area 41 Heschls Gyrus |
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PATH OF SOUND TO THE BRAIN
(6) |
HYDRAULIC ENERY- perilymph
Scala tympani wound window secondary tympanic membran middle ear |
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Scala media
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Upper wall is Reissners membrane
lower wall is basilars membrane Supports the organ of corti which lies within the scala media |
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What is the Membranous cochles AKA
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Scala media or cochlear duct
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What does resiners membrane seperate
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Seperates scala vestibul and scala media
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What does basilars membrane seperate
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Scala media from scala tympani- inserts at the spiral ligament
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Membranous cochlea
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Divides the bony cochlea into 2 other champers
Scala vestibuli- communicates with the vestibule Scala tympani- communicates with the tympanic cavity at the round window Scala media- commnicates with the brain Communicates with each other at the HELOCOTREMA |
