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94 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Humans arrived in N. America by __________ years ago

15-18000

North America megafauna start to disappear around ________ years ago

10,000

N. and S. America both have evidence for __________ building and elaborate ________ before the development of _____________

mount


ritual


agriculture

Site - Watson Brake


Location: Louisiana, 4000 BC


Evidence of ____________, modifying ___________

mount, landscape

Common theme in America:


- sophisticated ______ and _______ accompanied by some experimentation with ___________ and then full ___________ of some plants


- increased ___________ activities

hunting, gathering, cultivation, domestication


social

_________ construction: A way to understand low-level food production, is the idea that organisms don't react to their _________ but also change their _________ to increase sucess

The idea that organisms don't just react to their environment but also change their environments to increase success

Studying fauna and flora: __________ for botanical and faunal remains

flotation

How to count bones?


MNI: _______________


NISP: _______________

minimum number of individual


number of identified specimens present

Center of Early food production in Americas: __________, ____________- ______________ BC


main agriculture : _____________

Central Mexico


3000 - 2000


corn

Other domestications in America:


_______, used as early as 8000 BC


_______(______), first domesticated around 4300 BC, a bit more labor intensive


- first evidence for settled agricultural village is from 2000 BC


others include _____, _______, _______

Gourds(squash)


Corn(maize)


Beans, chenopodium, amaranth



Hard et al. article on maize


- Holocene climate changes human settlement pattern


- Site of ___________________ where _____ becomes important by 1300 BC. Population of ________ people

Cerro Juanaquena, maize


100-300

Hard et al. article on maize


"Landscape capital": the process of ____________ to the landscape that result in ___________ changes, like _________ or _________ or __________

incremental additions

long term


terraces, ditches, field boundaries



Hard et al. article on maize


"Resilience" as a results of _____________ strategies of _________ production
- capacity to ________ back



diverse

food


bounce


Hard et al. article on maize


Flora and fauna at Cerro Juanaquena


Flora: ____,____,____


Fauna: ____,____,____

maize, amaranth, chenopodium


rabbits, fish, rodents

Hard et al. article on maize


Cerro Juanaquena was occupied from _______ - _______ BC. Then abandoned. Then reoccupied from ___________ to __________

1350 - 1100 BC


400 BC - 1 AD

Places that begin with C


1. Cahokia


Ppl build ___ and ____


by 1000 AD hard times


Central North America


1050 - 1200 AD


_____ biggest mound


big bang of integration through construction

mounds


Monk's mound

Places that begin with C


2. Chaco Canyon


____ - _____ AD


_____ as key to population centers


When stressed, instead of dispersing, ____


___ - _____ people


Pueblo Bonito used ____ in construction


big bang of integration through construction

900-1140AD


maize agriculture


concentrate


2000 - 3000 (threshold of recognizing face to face)


wooden beams

Places that begin with C


3. California


___ rock art


archaeology start out 12000 years ago


includes 20th century material from ____ and ___

chumash

ww1 and cold war

Columbian consequences


- Wipe out Native American


- Some of the first systematic archaeology was done by ________________ in 1787


- Native American interest in heritage involves _________, ___________, and __________ of archaeological research


- _____________ museum

Thomas Jefferson


museums, land claims, oversight


Mashantucket Pequot

CRM - ____________


- Archaeology consists not only of research science, but __________ management and ___________ for sites and artifacts


- CRM refers to :

Cultural Resource Management


Heritage, legal protections


Archaeology that is done as part of environmental assessment before construction.

SAA - ____________


- founded in ___________


- ___________ professionals enrolled

Society of American Archaeology


1934


7000

UNESCO


- currently there are _______ wold heritage sites and ________ in US. ______ are cultural and ______ natural

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization


1007, 22, 10, 12

4 laws protect the past in US

Antiquities Act - focus on site, looting


Historic Sites Act - independence hall


Historic Preservation Act - National Register of Historic Places


NAGPRA

NAGPRA- _______


- a federal law passed in ________


- process for _______ and ________ agencies to return certain ________ cultural items - ________, ________, ________, - to ________. as long as they are ________

Native America Graves Protection Act


1990


museums, federal, Native American,


human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects


lineal descendants,


federally recognized

Kim and Steadman's article on NAGPRA


- published in ____________


- ethics:


- laws:

Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology


action in practice


ownership and rights

Kim and Steadman's article on NAGPRA


Two things changed since the original NAGPRA law


1)"___________"


2) rights of non-recognized tribes to claim remains on the basis of ___________

Culturally unidentifiable human remains

where they live now


Examples of dilemma within a legal framework


- "___________" man found in ___________, one of the earliest skeletal remains. It's ________ yeas old


- ___________ in lower Manattan

Kennewick Man, 1996, D.C. 9,600

African Burial ground



Early Mesoamerica


- First settled agricultural communities around ___________ B.C.


- No _______! No _______! No _______! No _______!


- agriculture examples:


_______, _______, _______, _______, _______ (_______) (_______)


- first _________


- more investment in art and iconography

2000

wheel, big rivers, big domestic animals, sail


corn, beans, squash, cocoa, agave(fiber, liquid)


ball courts around 1400 B.C

Sites in Early Mesoamerica


- ______________ (1200 - 400 BC)


- Earliest symbol systems may be around 600 B.C.


- ______________ (500 BC - 700 AD)


- sacrificial figure


- ______________ (300 BC - 700 AD)


- ______________ (250 - 900 AD)

Olmec Culture- bulbous babies


Monte Alban


Teotihuacan - pyramids, raw ceremonial ave, no ballcourts


Maya Culture- tropical environment, distinct urban

Ritual: "A culturally constructed system of _______ communication. It is constituted of _______ and _______ of words and acts, often expressed by _______" (such as song along with dance)


- solves/addresses a social problem

symbolic


pattern and ordered sequences


multiple media

Taladore article on Mesoamerica ballgame


- ethnology: _______ anthropology (talking with people)


- ethnohistory: the _______ of history form the _______ perspective

cultural


writing


indigenous

What does ritual have to do with sports?


- Ball courts as a form of ________


- They tend to locate in _______ along with other significant architecture

landesque capital


central places

Maya writing and Maya politics


- Mayan culture region _______ to _______ AD


- Very _______ (pottery, painting) about life


- Rulers buried with jade mask, ornaments


- Maya writing - connection with political authority

250 - 900

Site of Maya - Bonampak Mexico


captured scribes

Hands tied up, can't write

Aztec economy and Aztec politic


- challenging _____________

environment

Smith and Hodge article on Aztec


- they focused on the _____________ of Aztec ruling groups and economies


- Migration and conquest are common, resulting in many varied size alliances. Of which, the _____________ was the biggest starting _____________ AD. Later known as the "Aztec empire"


capital: ____


Spanish incursion in 1519 took over ___

diversity


Triple Alliances


1428 AD


Tenochtitlan

South America costal weather is heavily influenced by _________________. Usually _________________ temperature and a lot of _________________.

El Nino phenomenon


warm


rain

South America did not need _______ and _______ to have sophisticated cultural traditions. There are evidence for _______ and _______ before the development of agriculture.

agriculture, domesticated crops


mound building, elaborate ritual

South America site ____________ mummies


_______ - _______ BC


located in _______

Chinchorro


5800-3800


coastal Peru

There was no wheel in South America, but there is big animal like _______ by _______

Llamas, 4000 BC

Fauna and flora in South America


- _______ is used but it's late around 2200 BC


- others include _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.

Maize


cottons, potatos, quinoas, Llama, antichove

South America


other cultural activities by 2200 BC


_______, _______, _______

Weaving


Metal making


large scale architecture

South America site _______________, 2000 BC


- Stone construction made of over 100,000 tons of stones

El Paraiso

South America site ______________, 400-200 BC


_______ was located in an area that was an intersection between coast, highland, valley, and interior tropical forest


Political, Economic interaction, ritual investment

Chavin


Chavin de Huantar

South American religion


_______ god: spread over much of _______ and _______ between 400 and 200 BC

Staff, Northern and central peru

South American site _______ culture, from _______ AD


- Gold everywhere in ancient burial site (Sipan)

Moche


200 - 800 AD

South American site _______ on the coast


- city of 29,000 people


- nice agriculture


urban center


valleys united by ritual

Chan Chan

South America highland culture site ______________ in ______________ from _______ AD


- more evidences of staff god

Tiwanaku, Bolivia 650-1000 AD

South America highland agriculture


- examples: _______, _______


- applied archaeology: use the past to aid modern


- _______ is very popular now because it falls into two health trends: _______ and _______

Potatoes and Quinoa in Bolivia




quinoa


whole grain and gluten-free

Technology used in Anthropology


- Regional scale


_______, _______, _______


- Site scale


_______, _______, _______

Aerial photos, satellite, Li DAR


Magnetometry, ground penetrating radar, digital archive access

Aerial photo example: ______________

crop differences


Roman villa - England

Satellite imagery example: ______________

Pendant features - Jordan

LiDAR

Light detection and Ranging

Inka culture and empire


- No new things


- ________ and ________ merge together politically


- Inka culture starting ________ AD


- Inka Empire ________ AD, ________ political provinces

highland and coastal


1200


1476 - 1533, 80

Inka culture and empire site ________


- Labor intensive ________


- very specific idea about this


- many kinds of iconography


landesque capital

Machu Picchu


architecture

Inka culture


- ________ (strings)


- some kind of communication system


- no writings in Inka, but quipu


- ________ keeping mechanism


- no money, but ___

Quipu


Record


labor tax

Inka mummies


- Site ________


- get to be preserved because ________


- excavations at ________, ________

Salta Mount Llullaillaco


high altitude


Puruchuco, Lima (Peru)

Inka road and storage


- Powerful ________ statement

political

How did Inka keep people organized?


- No money, but there is ________


- No writing, but there is ________

labor tax


quipu

Acuto article on landscape


three types of landscapes


- landscapes of ________ like ________ with a well-built half and a half with poor constructors where workers lived


- landscapes of ________: plazas for ________ and ________ with central ________ platform structure


- landscapes of ________: privacy and access




Inka reshaped landscapes to express control

inequality towns like Ollantaytambo


ritual, ceremonies and feasting, ushnu


control

Ethnoarchaeology


- The study of traditional _________ will practiced today. Archaeologists often conduct systematic recording of technological process in order to learn more about the way in ancient people manufactured goods and planted crops prior to the development of machines.

technology

South Asia site _________


- seal

Harappa

South Asia _________ culture


- _________ - _________ BC


- different regions produce different goods, _________ is popular


- There is _________ transport

Indus


2500 - 1800


Trading


water

Indus culture


Economic basis


- _________, _________ ,_________


- _________, _________


- Trade in non-local goods such as _________, _________, _________ ...



cattle, sheep, goats


wheat, barley


marine shell, turquoise

Indus culture


Artifacts


- "_________" or status markers and dress and ornamentation in figurine from _________ and _________


- "_________" from _________

Ethics, Mohenjo-daro, Harappa


Dancing girl, Harappa

Sites in Indus Culture


- _________


city gateway


- _________


Great Bath (ritual complex)


- _________

Harappa

Mohejo-Dara


Dholavira


Cultural "glue" in Harappan period


- common objects like _________


- _________


- _________ production


- _________


- _________


- _________


- _________

pottery


ornamentation


craft


trade


ritual


writing


politics

Indus culture


"_________" image from _________ (no direct connection of ritual


Indus writing found in urban contexts, not deciphered

Priest king


Mohenjo Daro

Why did the indus cities get abandoned?


_________


_________


_________


_________

Invasion


Earthquakes


Social changes


Mansoon failure

Examples of the power of writing


- _________ about _________ BC


_________ purposes


- _________ about _________ - _________ BC


_________ system


- _________, _________ AD

Early Mesopotamian, 3200 BC


Economic


Indus writing, 2500-1800 BC


Symbol


Captured scribes, Maya site of Bonampak 800 AD

Mediterranean region


_________ is the best transportation


_________ is hard to developed

Boat


Land

The Mediterranean world is marked by cycles of _________, _________, and _________ startgin _________ BC

fragmentation, consolidation, expansion


2000

In Mediterranean world, this kind of geographic area plays very important rule. Some political figures are from there

islands

Mediterranean site


_________ 2000BC-1490BC


famous for potteries - big jars


not a lush environment


palaces at _________


----- show leadership by architecture and art


----- get destroyed by Mycenaenans


earthquake in 1700BC but rebuild

Minoan Palace

Knossos


Mediterranean site


_________


they conquered the island of Minoan


consolidate in Greece expand to Mediterranean


Mask of Agarmenon


There are many state-directed development of the infrastructure of Mycenaean kingdoms

Mycenaean

Mediterranean site


_________


copper, pottery, stone, anchor, tin, ivory, glass

Uluburun shipwreck

Mediterranean site


Location of ancient city of _________


the _________ war, simple society warfare

Troy


Trojan war

Mediterranean site


_________


eastern part of the mediterranean

Phoenicians

Lentjes article on Greek society


individual greek city-states 8-6th BC in a process of _________. While trading, they put their influence on the places that they have visited. Many Greek artifacts are found in different parts of Mediterranean

colonization

Greek Site


_________, in Athen, Greece.


location of temple

Acropolis

Lentjes article


The presence of long-distance exchange changes local agricultural practices such that hinterland farmers changed from _________ to _________. Yet the political life is not tied with economic life. Market system evolves on their own

self-sufficient


market exchange

Lentjes article


the focus of the rural economy shifted from subsistence to _________, paving the way from large scale exploitation after the _________ conquest.

market oriented


Roman

Food plays very important role:


1. It's _________ in the form of terraces, canal, dams


2. feasts and political power. Example from _________ where people have feast.


3. _________ aspect of production. Such as Quinoa



landesque capital


Inka palace / Mesopotamian


sociability

_________ is the critical limiting factor in agricultural and population growth

water

what is virtual water redistribution? what kind of power does it encompass?

Growing crops somewhere else where there is plenty of water and trade the products.


It's a proxy or displacement of own resources.


Political power and economic power

Real water move around. It's partially _________, partially _________, and _________ since people who has water has the power.

technological, political, economical

Roman Empire


The expansion was totally different. They did not conquer their _________, but straight down to where the _________ is. After that, _________ because that's where silk is.

neighbors, water, Spain

Roman


Similar to Greek, they have colonization. They left a lot of _________ in other places because people want to be Roman. However, the romans did not force this integration using combats.

Architectures


leaders, architecture, trade, cultural

Roman


The cultural link of Roman is an integration of both Roman culture and the places the Roman has conquered. Example, _________ god and goddesses

Egypt

Roman


Roman made use of the virtual water (_________ water) because their own dams, canals, and aqueducts cannot support them. Example of this usage is the river _________ in Egypt

surface

Nile

Dermody et al article on food in Rome


climate science is difficult. They made estimation of how much grain people produced, took account of _________ under specific climate condition, examined ratio of _________ vs _________, calculated _________ time required, and calculated _________ time

evaporation,

rain, irrigated crops


labor


travel


Dermody et al article on food in Rome


The assumptions that Demody made:


1. the climate _________


2. how are the fields cropped?


3. the land quality based on _________


4. Models only look at _________ crops


5. Emphasis on _________ transport

1. The climate and rainfall hasn't changed much. Roman period was "anomalously warm"


2. 2 year and the fallow period for 1 year


3. slope


4. Wheat


5. water

Dermody et al article on food in Rome


1. the VM-poor node must _________ as demand increases


2. the _________ of Mediterranean environment was vital for providing Romans with resilience to internal annual climate variability


3. VM facilitated population growth which might over shoot their _________ capacities

1. import from further away


2. heterogeneity


3. ecohydrological carrying

The strong political group before Roman period

Etruscan