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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Humans arrived in N. America by __________ years ago |
15-18000 |
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North America megafauna start to disappear around ________ years ago |
10,000 |
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N. and S. America both have evidence for __________ building and elaborate ________ before the development of _____________ |
mount ritual agriculture |
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Site - Watson Brake Location: Louisiana, 4000 BC Evidence of ____________, modifying ___________ |
mount, landscape |
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Common theme in America: - sophisticated ______ and _______ accompanied by some experimentation with ___________ and then full ___________ of some plants - increased ___________ activities |
hunting, gathering, cultivation, domestication social |
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_________ construction: A way to understand low-level food production, is the idea that organisms don't react to their _________ but also change their _________ to increase sucess |
The idea that organisms don't just react to their environment but also change their environments to increase success |
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Studying fauna and flora: __________ for botanical and faunal remains |
flotation |
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How to count bones? MNI: _______________ NISP: _______________ |
minimum number of individual number of identified specimens present |
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Center of Early food production in Americas: __________, ____________- ______________ BC main agriculture : _____________ |
Central Mexico 3000 - 2000 corn |
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Other domestications in America: _______, used as early as 8000 BC _______(______), first domesticated around 4300 BC, a bit more labor intensive - first evidence for settled agricultural village is from 2000 BC others include _____, _______, _______ |
Gourds(squash) Corn(maize) Beans, chenopodium, amaranth |
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Hard et al. article on maize - Holocene climate changes human settlement pattern - Site of ___________________ where _____ becomes important by 1300 BC. Population of ________ people |
Cerro Juanaquena, maize 100-300 |
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Hard et al. article on maize "Landscape capital": the process of ____________ to the landscape that result in ___________ changes, like _________ or _________ or __________ |
incremental additions
long term terraces, ditches, field boundaries |
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Hard et al. article on maize "Resilience" as a results of _____________ strategies of _________ production |
diverse
food bounce |
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Hard et al. article on maize Flora and fauna at Cerro Juanaquena Flora: ____,____,____ Fauna: ____,____,____ |
maize, amaranth, chenopodium rabbits, fish, rodents |
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Hard et al. article on maize Cerro Juanaquena was occupied from _______ - _______ BC. Then abandoned. Then reoccupied from ___________ to __________ |
1350 - 1100 BC 400 BC - 1 AD |
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Places that begin with C 1. Cahokia Ppl build ___ and ____ by 1000 AD hard times Central North America 1050 - 1200 AD _____ biggest mound big bang of integration through construction |
mounds Monk's mound |
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Places that begin with C 2. Chaco Canyon ____ - _____ AD _____ as key to population centers When stressed, instead of dispersing, ____ ___ - _____ people Pueblo Bonito used ____ in construction big bang of integration through construction |
900-1140AD maize agriculture concentrate 2000 - 3000 (threshold of recognizing face to face) wooden beams |
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Places that begin with C 3. California ___ rock art archaeology start out 12000 years ago includes 20th century material from ____ and ___ |
chumash ww1 and cold war |
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Columbian consequences - Wipe out Native American - Some of the first systematic archaeology was done by ________________ in 1787 - Native American interest in heritage involves _________, ___________, and __________ of archaeological research - _____________ museum |
Thomas Jefferson museums, land claims, oversight Mashantucket Pequot |
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CRM - ____________ - Archaeology consists not only of research science, but __________ management and ___________ for sites and artifacts - CRM refers to : |
Cultural Resource Management Heritage, legal protections Archaeology that is done as part of environmental assessment before construction. |
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SAA - ____________ - founded in ___________ - ___________ professionals enrolled |
Society of American Archaeology 1934 7000 |
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UNESCO - currently there are _______ wold heritage sites and ________ in US. ______ are cultural and ______ natural |
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 1007, 22, 10, 12 |
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4 laws protect the past in US |
Antiquities Act - focus on site, looting Historic Sites Act - independence hall Historic Preservation Act - National Register of Historic Places NAGPRA |
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NAGPRA- _______ - a federal law passed in ________ - process for _______ and ________ agencies to return certain ________ cultural items - ________, ________, ________, - to ________. as long as they are ________ |
Native America Graves Protection Act 1990 museums, federal, Native American, human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects lineal descendants, federally recognized |
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Kim and Steadman's article on NAGPRA - published in ____________ - ethics: - laws: |
Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology action in practice ownership and rights |
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Kim and Steadman's article on NAGPRA Two things changed since the original NAGPRA law 1)"___________" 2) rights of non-recognized tribes to claim remains on the basis of ___________ |
Culturally unidentifiable human remains
where they live now |
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Examples of dilemma within a legal framework - "___________" man found in ___________, one of the earliest skeletal remains. It's ________ yeas old - ___________ in lower Manattan |
Kennewick Man, 1996, D.C. 9,600
African Burial ground |
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Early Mesoamerica - First settled agricultural communities around ___________ B.C. - No _______! No _______! No _______! No _______! - agriculture examples: _______, _______, _______, _______, _______ (_______) (_______) - first _________ - more investment in art and iconography |
2000
wheel, big rivers, big domestic animals, sail corn, beans, squash, cocoa, agave(fiber, liquid) ball courts around 1400 B.C |
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Sites in Early Mesoamerica - ______________ (1200 - 400 BC) - Earliest symbol systems may be around 600 B.C. - ______________ (500 BC - 700 AD) - sacrificial figure - ______________ (300 BC - 700 AD) - ______________ (250 - 900 AD) |
Olmec Culture- bulbous babies Monte Alban Teotihuacan - pyramids, raw ceremonial ave, no ballcourts Maya Culture- tropical environment, distinct urban |
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Ritual: "A culturally constructed system of _______ communication. It is constituted of _______ and _______ of words and acts, often expressed by _______" (such as song along with dance) - solves/addresses a social problem |
symbolic pattern and ordered sequences multiple media |
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Taladore article on Mesoamerica ballgame - ethnology: _______ anthropology (talking with people) - ethnohistory: the _______ of history form the _______ perspective |
cultural writing indigenous |
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What does ritual have to do with sports? - Ball courts as a form of ________ - They tend to locate in _______ along with other significant architecture |
landesque capital central places |
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Maya writing and Maya politics - Mayan culture region _______ to _______ AD - Very _______ (pottery, painting) about life - Rulers buried with jade mask, ornaments - Maya writing - connection with political authority |
250 - 900 |
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Site of Maya - Bonampak Mexico captured scribes |
Hands tied up, can't write |
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Aztec economy and Aztec politic - challenging _____________ |
environment |
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Smith and Hodge article on Aztec - they focused on the _____________ of Aztec ruling groups and economies - Migration and conquest are common, resulting in many varied size alliances. Of which, the _____________ was the biggest starting _____________ AD. Later known as the "Aztec empire" capital: ____ Spanish incursion in 1519 took over ___ |
diversity Triple Alliances 1428 AD Tenochtitlan |
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South America costal weather is heavily influenced by _________________. Usually _________________ temperature and a lot of _________________. |
El Nino phenomenon warm rain |
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South America did not need _______ and _______ to have sophisticated cultural traditions. There are evidence for _______ and _______ before the development of agriculture. |
agriculture, domesticated crops mound building, elaborate ritual |
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South America site ____________ mummies _______ - _______ BC located in _______ |
Chinchorro 5800-3800 coastal Peru |
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There was no wheel in South America, but there is big animal like _______ by _______ |
Llamas, 4000 BC |
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Fauna and flora in South America - _______ is used but it's late around 2200 BC - others include _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______. |
Maize cottons, potatos, quinoas, Llama, antichove |
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South America other cultural activities by 2200 BC _______, _______, _______ |
Weaving Metal making large scale architecture |
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South America site _______________, 2000 BC - Stone construction made of over 100,000 tons of stones |
El Paraiso |
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South America site ______________, 400-200 BC _______ was located in an area that was an intersection between coast, highland, valley, and interior tropical forest Political, Economic interaction, ritual investment |
Chavin Chavin de Huantar |
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South American religion _______ god: spread over much of _______ and _______ between 400 and 200 BC |
Staff, Northern and central peru |
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South American site _______ culture, from _______ AD - Gold everywhere in ancient burial site (Sipan) |
Moche 200 - 800 AD |
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South American site _______ on the coast - city of 29,000 people - nice agriculture urban center valleys united by ritual |
Chan Chan |
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South America highland culture site ______________ in ______________ from _______ AD - more evidences of staff god |
Tiwanaku, Bolivia 650-1000 AD |
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South America highland agriculture - examples: _______, _______ - applied archaeology: use the past to aid modern - _______ is very popular now because it falls into two health trends: _______ and _______ |
Potatoes and Quinoa in Bolivia quinoa whole grain and gluten-free |
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Technology used in Anthropology - Regional scale _______, _______, _______ - Site scale _______, _______, _______ |
Aerial photos, satellite, Li DAR Magnetometry, ground penetrating radar, digital archive access |
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Aerial photo example: ______________ |
crop differences Roman villa - England |
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Satellite imagery example: ______________ |
Pendant features - Jordan |
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LiDAR |
Light detection and Ranging
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Inka culture and empire - No new things - ________ and ________ merge together politically - Inka culture starting ________ AD - Inka Empire ________ AD, ________ political provinces |
highland and coastal 1200 1476 - 1533, 80 |
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Inka culture and empire site ________ - Labor intensive ________ - very specific idea about this - many kinds of iconography landesque capital |
Machu Picchu architecture |
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Inka culture - ________ (strings) - some kind of communication system - no writings in Inka, but quipu - ________ keeping mechanism - no money, but ___ |
Quipu Record labor tax |
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Inka mummies - Site ________ - get to be preserved because ________ - excavations at ________, ________ |
Salta Mount Llullaillaco high altitude Puruchuco, Lima (Peru) |
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Inka road and storage - Powerful ________ statement |
political |
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How did Inka keep people organized? - No money, but there is ________ - No writing, but there is ________ |
labor tax quipu |
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Acuto article on landscape three types of landscapes - landscapes of ________ like ________ with a well-built half and a half with poor constructors where workers lived - landscapes of ________: plazas for ________ and ________ with central ________ platform structure - landscapes of ________: privacy and access Inka reshaped landscapes to express control |
inequality towns like Ollantaytambo ritual, ceremonies and feasting, ushnu control |
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Ethnoarchaeology - The study of traditional _________ will practiced today. Archaeologists often conduct systematic recording of technological process in order to learn more about the way in ancient people manufactured goods and planted crops prior to the development of machines. |
technology |
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South Asia site _________ - seal |
Harappa |
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South Asia _________ culture - _________ - _________ BC - different regions produce different goods, _________ is popular - There is _________ transport |
Indus 2500 - 1800 Trading water |
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Indus culture Economic basis - _________, _________ ,_________ - _________, _________ - Trade in non-local goods such as _________, _________, _________ ... |
cattle, sheep, goats wheat, barley marine shell, turquoise |
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Indus culture Artifacts - "_________" or status markers and dress and ornamentation in figurine from _________ and _________ - "_________" from _________ |
Ethics, Mohenjo-daro, Harappa Dancing girl, Harappa |
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Sites in Indus Culture - _________ city gateway - _________ Great Bath (ritual complex) - _________ |
Harappa
Mohejo-Dara Dholavira |
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Cultural "glue" in Harappan period - common objects like _________ - _________ - _________ production - _________ - _________ - _________ - _________ |
pottery ornamentation craft trade ritual writing politics |
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Indus culture "_________" image from _________ (no direct connection of ritual Indus writing found in urban contexts, not deciphered |
Priest king Mohenjo Daro |
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Why did the indus cities get abandoned? _________ _________ _________ _________ |
Invasion Earthquakes Social changes Mansoon failure |
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Examples of the power of writing - _________ about _________ BC _________ purposes - _________ about _________ - _________ BC _________ system - _________, _________ AD |
Early Mesopotamian, 3200 BC Economic Indus writing, 2500-1800 BC Symbol Captured scribes, Maya site of Bonampak 800 AD |
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Mediterranean region _________ is the best transportation _________ is hard to developed |
Boat Land |
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The Mediterranean world is marked by cycles of _________, _________, and _________ startgin _________ BC |
fragmentation, consolidation, expansion 2000 |
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In Mediterranean world, this kind of geographic area plays very important rule. Some political figures are from there |
islands |
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Mediterranean site _________ 2000BC-1490BC famous for potteries - big jars not a lush environment palaces at _________ ----- show leadership by architecture and art ----- get destroyed by Mycenaenans earthquake in 1700BC but rebuild |
Minoan Palace
Knossos |
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Mediterranean site _________ they conquered the island of Minoan consolidate in Greece expand to Mediterranean Mask of Agarmenon There are many state-directed development of the infrastructure of Mycenaean kingdoms |
Mycenaean |
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Mediterranean site _________ copper, pottery, stone, anchor, tin, ivory, glass |
Uluburun shipwreck |
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Mediterranean site Location of ancient city of _________ the _________ war, simple society warfare |
Troy Trojan war |
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Mediterranean site _________ eastern part of the mediterranean |
Phoenicians |
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Lentjes article on Greek society individual greek city-states 8-6th BC in a process of _________. While trading, they put their influence on the places that they have visited. Many Greek artifacts are found in different parts of Mediterranean |
colonization |
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Greek Site _________, in Athen, Greece. location of temple |
Acropolis |
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Lentjes article The presence of long-distance exchange changes local agricultural practices such that hinterland farmers changed from _________ to _________. Yet the political life is not tied with economic life. Market system evolves on their own |
self-sufficient market exchange |
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Lentjes article the focus of the rural economy shifted from subsistence to _________, paving the way from large scale exploitation after the _________ conquest. |
market oriented Roman |
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Food plays very important role: 1. It's _________ in the form of terraces, canal, dams 2. feasts and political power. Example from _________ where people have feast. 3. _________ aspect of production. Such as Quinoa |
landesque capital Inka palace / Mesopotamian sociability |
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_________ is the critical limiting factor in agricultural and population growth |
water |
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what is virtual water redistribution? what kind of power does it encompass? |
Growing crops somewhere else where there is plenty of water and trade the products. It's a proxy or displacement of own resources. Political power and economic power |
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Real water move around. It's partially _________, partially _________, and _________ since people who has water has the power. |
technological, political, economical |
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Roman Empire The expansion was totally different. They did not conquer their _________, but straight down to where the _________ is. After that, _________ because that's where silk is. |
neighbors, water, Spain |
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Roman Similar to Greek, they have colonization. They left a lot of _________ in other places because people want to be Roman. However, the romans did not force this integration using combats. |
Architectures leaders, architecture, trade, cultural |
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Roman The cultural link of Roman is an integration of both Roman culture and the places the Roman has conquered. Example, _________ god and goddesses |
Egypt |
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Roman Roman made use of the virtual water (_________ water) because their own dams, canals, and aqueducts cannot support them. Example of this usage is the river _________ in Egypt |
surface
Nile |
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Dermody et al article on food in Rome climate science is difficult. They made estimation of how much grain people produced, took account of _________ under specific climate condition, examined ratio of _________ vs _________, calculated _________ time required, and calculated _________ time |
evaporation,
rain, irrigated crops labor travel |
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Dermody et al article on food in Rome The assumptions that Demody made: 1. the climate _________ 2. how are the fields cropped? 3. the land quality based on _________ 4. Models only look at _________ crops 5. Emphasis on _________ transport |
1. The climate and rainfall hasn't changed much. Roman period was "anomalously warm" 2. 2 year and the fallow period for 1 year 3. slope 4. Wheat 5. water |
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Dermody et al article on food in Rome 1. the VM-poor node must _________ as demand increases 2. the _________ of Mediterranean environment was vital for providing Romans with resilience to internal annual climate variability 3. VM facilitated population growth which might over shoot their _________ capacities |
1. import from further away 2. heterogeneity 3. ecohydrological carrying |
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The strong political group before Roman period |
Etruscan |