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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Abnormal v Normal |
Depends on cultural and societal standards |
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Psychopathology |
What has been judged as negative or dysfunctional. Includes: significant emotional pain or distress that has been labels as abnormal. Can be biological or habit driven |
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Medical perspective |
Medications |
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Psychological approach |
Therapy |
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Sociocultural perspective |
Nature v nurture |
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Culture bound syndromes |
Psychopathology relating to specific cultures |
Native Americans and "ghost sickness": preoccupation of death |
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Diathesis-stress model |
Highlights you may have inherited traits/ dispositions that could be triggered by environmental factors |
Vulnerability |
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Diagnosis |
Pros: finding the issue and understanding or seeking treatment Cons: negative stigmas, benefits big Pharmaceutical, imperfect system, self fulfilling prophecy |
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DSM 5 |
Classification system for psychological symptoms and disorders |
5th edition |
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Generalized anxiety disorder |
Symptoms: constant anxiety or worry. Schemas are fearful. Causes: frontal cortex is working harder to relay messages from the amygdala |
5% of Americans |
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Panic Disorder |
Symptoms: Panic attacks: sharp, acute, sudden attacks of heightened anxiety. Causes: triggered by specific stimuli or a huge event. Can develop a fear of going out in public |
2% of Americans |
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Claustrophobia |
Fear of tight spaces |
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Agoraphobia |
Fear of public or open places |
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Acrophobia |
Fear of heights |
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Aerophobia |
Fear of flying |
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Ophidiophobia |
Fear of snakes |
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Somatoform disorders |
Psychological problems take on a physical form without evidence of a physical cause. |
Umbrella term |
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Hypochondriasis |
Unnecessary preoccupation with physical health |
3% Americans |
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Hypochondriasis |
Unnecessary preoccupation with physical health |
3% Americans |
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Conversion disorder |
When a person appears to lose function of part of the body. |
Rarely seen today -Frued: hysteria |
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Hypochondriasis |
Unnecessary preoccupation with physical health |
3% Americans |
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Conversion disorder |
When a person appears to lose function of part of the body. |
Rarely seen today -Frued: hysteria |
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Dissociative disorders |
Splitting of part of personality or memory. Serious, long term disruptions of self |
Umbrella term |
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Amnesia types |
Anterograde: all memory from after the brain injury are lost. Retrograde: all memories from before the brain injury are lost. Fugue state: severe form of dissociative amnesia where a person can forget who they are |
Clive Wearing had retrograde and anterograde amnesia |
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Dissociative identity disorder |
Two or more distinct personalities reside within one person (personalities may or may not be aware of each other). Could be the result of a person coping with abuse |
Multiple personality disorder |
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Depression |
Symptoms are controversial but include: disparity, deep sadness lasting two weeks or more, losing interest in relationships, exaggerated feelings of hopelessness, feeling worthless, changes in sleeping and eating patterns. Gender differences: M- 5-12% F- 13-21% |
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Bipolar disorder |
Symptoms of manic depression alternating between extreme, depressed low and extreme, manic high. Symptoms of manic state: spirited, vigorous, motivated, Grandiose Cognition |
Delusional manic highs and ultra depressed lows |
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Causes of bipolar |
Too little serotonin (depressive states) Too much serotonin (manic states) Strong genetic correlation Environmental factors: stress, trauma, child abuse |
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Schizophrenia |
Distortions of reality Symptoms: false thoughts, loose association, "word salads", hallucinations: false sensory stimuli, flat OR exaggerated/ inappropriate levels of emotion, odd behaviors and thinking they're normal. |
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Paranoid schizophrenia |
Paranoia, suspicious, hearing voices, delusional |
Most common |
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Catatonic schizophrenia |
Distorted motor abilities- either immobility or excess motor movement |
Rare |
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Disorganized schizophrenia |
Illogical thinking, word salads, exaggerated displays of emotion |
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Antisocial personality disorder |
Unusual lack of empathy or remorse (manipulative). More prevalent in males. |
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Histrionic personality disorder |
Extreme and excessive emotionality and attention seeking. More common in women. |
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Borderline personality disorder |
Instability of mood, relationships, and self image due to genetics and/or trauma |
Marilyn Monroe |
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Psychiatrists |
MD. Specialized in treatment through medication |
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Clinical or counseling psychologist |
PhD. Focus on diagnosis, treatment without medications (talk therapy), and research |
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Social workers |
Masters degree. Focus on family-type problems |
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Counselor |
Religious, family, relationship, substance abuse, child abuse (extensive personal experience) |
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Parallel services |
Specifically designed to serve ethnic populations |
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Fit of characteristics |
Therapist and client are similar in ethnicity, language, or background |
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Cognitive fit |
Therapist and client are similar in world/ cultural views and perspectives |
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Psychoanalysis |
Intensive (3-5 times/ week) extensive (can last for years) using free association and dream interpretation Goals: catharsis and insight |
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Catharsis |
Release of trapped energy and tension |
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Insight |
Self understanding |
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Free association |
Saying whatever comes to mind |
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Transference |
Duplicating feelings for another and directing them at therapist |
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Resistance |
Missing sessions, hesitating during free association Sign that the client may be getting close to discovering the core issue |
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Variations of psychoanalysis |
Short-term: more focused, less frequent, more direct, advice might be offered in lieu of free association |
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Cognitive- behavioral approach |
Conditioning one to change schema and adjust the resulting behavior |
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Classical conditioning (cognitive behavioral approach) |
US, UR, CS, CR |
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Exposure |
Flooding: saturating the person with the phobic stimulus Graded exposure: gradual amounts of phobic stimulus |
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Aversive conditioning |
Developing an aversion to a previously desired stimulus like Chain smoking to quit smoking |
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Operant conditioning |
Reward and punishment |
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Token economy |
Behaviors rewarded with tickets, tokens, etc that only hold value in that particular environment |
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Skills training |
Role play to help move past fear or anxiety or particular situations |
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Beck's cognitive therapy |
Problems with thinking (or cognitive errors) causing a focus on the negative aspects of situations |
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Personalization (Beck) |
Taking personal responsibility |
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Magnification (Beck) |
Giving all attention to tiny "bad things". Blowing things out of proportion |
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Minimization (Beck) |
Focusing on positive aspects of a situation |
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Rumination (Beck) |
Repetitive focus on the mood of depression |
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Humanistic approach |
Client is the key focus. Assumptions: trust the clients growth instincts, focus on their feelings and on the present and future. Client is responsible for change |
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Family, couple, and group therapy |
Focus on improving communication. Acknowledgment of family and group interaction. Group: 4-12 people offering social support for coping. |
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Biological approach |
Changing how the brain works through medication, electro convulsive therapy (ECT), or psychosurgery |
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Prozac Xanax Valium Thorazine Lithium |
Anxiety disorder Panic disorder Anxiety and panic disorders Schizophrenia Bipolar |
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Eclectic approach |
Taking what is good and useful from any/ all techniques to help individuals |
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Comparing approaches |
Behavior: anxiety Cognitive: depression Humanistic: self esteem Commonalities: supportive relationship providing hope and openness |
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Social psychology |
Examines the way thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by other people |
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Social perception |
Processes by which we perceive others |
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Social comparison |
Influence self esteem and self image |
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Attribution theory |
How to explain the causes of behavior with consideration for The person and the situation |
Heider |
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Fundamental attribution error |
Overestimating the influence of personality and underestimating the situation |
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Effects of attribution |
Schemas and bias |
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Attitudes guiding actions |
Back (Definition) |
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Cognitive dissonance |
Tension when we are aware that our actions and thoughts are not aligned |
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Altruism |
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others. |
Empathy v apathy Evolutionary perspective |
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Conformity |
Real or imagined group pressure causing one to change his attitudes and behaviors to accommodate group norms |
Ache |
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Obedience |
Following orders from an authority who one feels is legit |
Milgram |
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Triangular theory of love |
Back (Definition) |
Sternburg |
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Systematic desensitization |
Goal: replace the fear with sense of relaxation for the same phobic stimulus |
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General Adaptation Syndrome |
1. Alarm reaction 2. Resistance 3.exhaustion |
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Spearmans theory of intelligence |
Two factor S- specific abilities G- general intelligence |
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General Adaptation Syndrome |
1. Alarm reaction 2. Resistance 3.exhaustion |
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Spearmans theory of intelligence |
Two factor S- specific abilities G- general intelligence |
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Gardner Multiple Intelligences |
Levels of ability are different for everyone |
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