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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Three factors that bind cells togethre
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1.Glycoproteins in the glycocalyx act as an adhesive
2.Wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells fit together in a tongue-and-groove fashion 3.Special membrane junctions are formed |
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Tight Junctions
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a series of integral protein molecules in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells fuse together, forming an impermeable junction that encircles the cell
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Desmosomes
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are anchoring junctions--mechanical couplings scattered like rivets along the sides of abutting cells that prevent their separation
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Gap Junction
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adjacent plasma membranes are very close, and cells are connected by hollow cylinders called connexons composed of transmembrane proteins.
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Tonicity
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the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering their internal water volume
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Hypertonic
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solutions with a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the cell. Cells immersed in hypertonic solutions lose water and shrink
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Hypotonic
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solutions that are more dilute (contain a lower concentration of nonpenetrating solutes) than cells
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Sodium-potassium pump
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1.binding of cytoplasmic Na+ to the pump protein stimulates phosphorylation by ATP
2.Phosphorylation causes the protein to change its shape 3.the shape change expels Na+ to the outside, and extracellular K+ binds 4.K+ binding triggers release of the phosphate group 5.Loss of phosphate restores the original conformation of the pump protein 6.K+ released and Na+ sites are ready to bind Na+ again; cycle repeats |
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Primary Active Transport
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Energy source: ATP
transport of substances against concentration gradient; across the plasma membrane by a solute pump; directly uses energy of ATP hydrolysis |
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Secondary Active Transport
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Energy Source: Ion concentration gradient maintained with ATP
Cotransport of two solutes across the membrane; energy is supplied by the ion gradient created by a primary active solute pump |
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Three factors that bind cells togethre
|
1.Glycoproteins in the glycocalyx act as an adhesive
2.Wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells fit together in a tongue-and-groove fashion 3.Special membrane junctions are formed |
|
|
Tight Junctions
|
a series of integral protein molecules in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells fuse together, forming an impermeable junction that encircles the cell
|
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|
Desmosomes
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are anchoring junctions--mechanical couplings scattered like rivets along the sides of abutting cells that prevent their separation
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Gap Junction
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adjacent plasma membranes are very close, and cells are connected by hollow cylinders called connexons composed of transmembrane proteins.
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Tonicity
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the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering their internal water volume
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Hypertonic
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solutions with a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the cell. Cells immersed in hypertonic solutions lose water and shrink
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Hypotonic
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solutions that are more dilute (contain a lower concentration of nonpenetrating solutes) than cells
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Sodium-potassium pump
|
1.binding of cytoplasmic Na+ to the pump protein stimulates phosphorylation by ATP
2.Phosphorylation causes the protein to change its shape 3.the shape change expels Na+ to the outside, and extracellular K+ binds 4.K+ binding triggers release of the phosphate group 5.Loss of phosphate restores the original conformation of the pump protein 6.K+ released and Na+ sites are ready to bind Na+ again; cycle repeats |
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Primary Active Transport
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Energy source: ATP
transport of substances against concentration gradient; across the plasma membrane by a solute pump; directly uses energy of ATP hydrolysis |
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Secondary Active Transport
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Energy Source: Ion concentration gradient maintained with ATP
Cotransport of two solutes across the membrane; energy is supplied by the ion gradient created by a primary active solute pump |
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Exocytosis
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sectretion or ejection of substances from a cell; the substance is enclosed in a membranous vesicle, which fuses with the plasma membrane and ruptures, releasing the substance to the exterior
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Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
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1.molecular "velcro" that cells use to anchor themselves to molecules in the extracellular space and to each other
2.the "arms" that migrating cells use to haul themselves past one another 3.SOS signals sticking out from the blood vessel lining that rally protective white blood cells to a nearby infected or injured area 4.Mechanical sensors that respond to local tension at the cell surface by stimulating synthesis or degradation of adhesive membrane junctions 5.transmitters of intracellular signals that direct cell migration, proliferation, and specialization |
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Interphase
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stage in a cells life when it is carrying out normal metabolic activities
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Prophase
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Chromatin start to coil and form chromosomes, Asters and centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell
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Metaphase
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Chromosomes cluster in center of cell, spindle fibers attach to centromeres of chromosomes
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Anaphase
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Spindle fibers begin to separate chromosomes and pull them to opposite sides of the cell
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Telophase and Cytokinesis
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Chromosomes cluster in new daughter cells and start to form nucleous', membrane's of two daughter cells begin to pinch off and form the new cells
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Special Characteristics of Epithelium Tissue
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1.Polarity: all epithelia have an apical surface and a lower attached basal surface
2.Specialized contacts:epithelial cells fit close together to form continuous sheets 3.Supported by connective tissue: reticular lamina and basement membrane 4.Avascular but innervated: supplied by nerves but contains no blood vessels 5.Regeneration: can replace lost cells by cell devision |
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Funciton:allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae
Location: Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart; blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavitiy |
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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Funciton: secretion and absorption
Location:kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface |
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
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Function:absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus by ciliary aciton
Location:nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus |
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Pseudostratified columnar epitheliam
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Function:secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
Location:nonciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract |
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Function:protexts underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
Location:nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane |
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Transitional Epithelium
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Funciton:Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine
Location:lines of the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra |
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Endocrine Glands
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(ductless glands) Produce hormones that enter the blood or lymphatic fluid and travel to specific target organs.
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Unicellular Exocrine Glands
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(globlet cell) produce mucin that after it is dissolved in water becomes mucus that is secreted to protect and lubricate surfaces
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Cutaneous Membrane
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an organ system consisting of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium firmly attached to a thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue
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Steps of Tissue Repair
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1.inflammation sets the stage
2.organization restores the blood supply 3.regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair |
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keratinocytes
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produce keratin, arise in deepest part of epidermis
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Melanocytes
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spider shaped epithelial cells that synthesize melanin, are found in the deepest layer of the epidermis
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Langerhan's cells
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arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis, are phagocytes, help to activate immune system
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Merkel cells
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present at the epidermal-dermal junction, functions as sensory recepter for touch
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Layers of Epidermis
(deep to superficial) |
Stratum Basale (Basal Layer)
Stratum Spinosum (prickly Layer) Stratum Lucidum (clear layer/only visible in thick skin) Stratum Corneum (horny layer) |
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Eccrine Sweat Glands
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palms, soles of the feet, and forehead
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Apocrine Glands
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axillary and anogenital areas
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Ceruminous glands
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modified apocrine glands found in the lining of the external ear canal, secretes cerumen (ear wax)
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Sebaceous glands
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simple branched alveolar glands that are found all over the body
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Basal Cell Carcinoma
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least malignant and most common skin cancer, stratum basale cells proliferate, invading the dermis and hypodermis
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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arises from the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum
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melanoma
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cancer of melanocytes, the most dangerous skin cancer because it is highly metastic and resistant to chemotherapy
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osteoblasts
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bone-forming cells
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osteclasts
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bone-destroying cells
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osteogenic cells
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bone stem cells that create osteoblasts
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