Final Review

Front 1

Dr. p visual form agnosia

Back 1

problem with recognition - inability to recognize objects caused by brain tumor perceive parts of objects but not their whole
perceive not recognize

Front 2

steps in preception

Back 2

environementl stimuli - everything out there could potentially perceive
attention-- what you focus on or make center of your attention
stimulation of receptors -- cell directly affected by enviromental stimuli creates image on retina

transduction-- transfer of energy from one form to another environemntal energy converted to electrical signals
neural processing- interactions between neurons transform signal into perception
perception- personal experiance seeing stimulus
recognition- perception categorized into terms of past experiances -- give it meaning
action- motor acitivty
knowledge- info brought by perceiver

Front 3

top down

Back 3

info perceiver brings based on knoweldge higher level

Front 4

bottom up

Back 4

begins with info received by receptor
based on incoming data

Front 5

method limits

Back 5

presents stimuli asending desending order - start below or above thersold to determine crossover limits
loudest to soft
or soft to loud

Front 6

method adjustments

Back 6

ajust stimuli continously until observer can barely detect stimulus -- adjust themselves via knob

Front 7

method constant stimuli

Back 7

presents 5 to 9 different stimulus different intensities random order - thershold detected 50%

Front 8

absolute thershold

Back 8

smallest amount of stimulus energy necessary to detect stimulus

Front 9

difference limen-

Back 9

smallest difference between two stimuli that a perceiver can detect -- can detect difference between two??

Front 10

action potential

Back 10

sodium in
potassium out
70 at rest
always same size

Front 11

synapse

Back 11

small space between neurons

Front 12

neurotransmitter

Back 12

how electrical signals are trasmitted across spaces -- triggered by action potential

Front 13

excitation

Back 13

cause inside positive to generate action potential -- increas ap hgih rate nerve firing

Front 14

inhibitory

Back 14

neuron negative hyperpolization prvents neuron from reaching level depolarization-- no action potential -- lower rate nerve firing

Front 15

convergence

Back 15

synapses of more then one neuron to a single neuron many neurons sending info to few

Front 16

neural circuits

Back 16

interconnected neurons that accomplish a task

Front 17

kinds neural circuits

Back 17

linear--- one receptor one ganglion
convergent -- firing level indicated length
end limited -- contain inhibitory snyapes fires best to speciic lenths of line

Front 18

receptive field

Back 18

area receptors influences firing rate neuron -- when stimulated affect firing rate

center region respond one way
surroundng responds opposite

Front 19

specificity vs distubued coding

Back 19

specificity = firing of neurons that are tuned to respond to only specific stimulus -- firing single neuron

distruibued - thing represented by pattern of firing across neurons -- firing groups of neurons

Front 20

visible light

Back 20

the energy within electromagenetic spectrum humans can see
400-700 i visible

Front 21

wavelengths

Back 21

distance between peaks of elecrtomagentic waves

Front 22

choroid

Back 22

blood rich layer inside sclera-white coating -- provides nutrients helps absorb stray light waves prevent blurriness

Front 23

iris

Back 23

colored part of eye can dilate or constrict to conrol light

Front 24

lens

Back 24

ciliary muscles focusing power

Front 25

accommodation

Back 25

when you try and focus and muscles change to put thing near or far into focus

Front 26

retina

Back 26

layer photoreceptors at back of eye

Front 27

fovea

Back 27

center of retina cotains only cones

Front 28

presbyopia

Back 28

old eye --- hardening lens cant accomodate

Front 29

hyperopia

Back 29

farsightness - can see distant objects clearly but trouble with close

Front 30

myopia

Back 30

nearsightedness - inability to see distant object clearly need concave lens

refractive = cornea lens bends too much light
axial= eyeball too long

Front 31

proprioception

Back 31

ability to sense limbs and postion of body

Front 32

mechanorecptors

Back 32

respond to mechanical stimulation such as pressure stretching -- tactile senses

Front 33

epidermis and dermis

Back 33

outer layer of skin composed of dead skin cells contain mechanoreceptors
dermis under epidermis also contains mechanorecptors

Front 34

receptove field -

Back 34

excitatory center inhibitory surroundin
smaller receptive field feel two points

Front 35

merkel SA1

Back 35

located close to skin fires continuously as long as sitmulus on -- deal with fine details --- low freq constant pressure

Front 36

Mesissner RA1

Back 36

located close to skin fires only when sitmulus first applied and then when removed -- contorlling handgrip fluttering

Front 37

ruffini - SA2

Back 37

located deep in skin -- fire contunuously strectching skin best response

Front 38

pacinian RA2

Back 38

located deep in skin -- vibrations and fine textures

Front 39

type one and two mechanoreceptors

Back 39

tpe one = smaller
type 2 = large

Front 40

multimodalidty pain

Back 40

multimodel sensory emotional cognitive components

Front 41

sensitization

Back 41

stems from actual or potnential damage -- goes up after injury

Front 42

nociceptor

Back 42

free nerve endings - -- fires to potnential or damaging stimuli -- small diameter fibers

Front 43

gate contol theory

Back 43

pain signals enter body from spinal chord then from that to brain -- additonaly paths can be used to open or close gate to spinal chord

Front 44

what closes gate

Back 44

activation in medial lemniscal pathway -- rub area or provide electrostimulation
SG cells close gate central control can make this happen

Front 45

Substantia gelatinosa

Back 45

cells in spinal chord can halt pain -- pain passes through here before leaving spinal chord

Front 46

anteria cingulate cortex ACC

Back 46

Emotional processing -- important determining unpleasentness of pain -- can change even when pain is same
when damage to here pain perceived less distubring

hypnois can lead to changes here wihtout activation of recpetors

Front 47

slowly responding mechanoreceptors

Back 47

respond constantly during pressure

Front 48

rapidily adapting

Back 48

responds only to beginning and ending

Front 49

two point thershold

Back 49

minimum seperation on skin to perceive two points
measures acuity and ability to detect details
low thershold = good acuity

Front 50

touch pathways 2

Back 50

these skin receptors send info via perphial nerves to spinal chord
medial leminscial --proprioception ability to sense limbs
spinothalamic -- smaller fibers pain and temp

Front 51

ssc

Back 51

processes info areas body sensitive to touch

Front 52

homunculus

Back 52

some areas skin represented by disproportionate area of brain -- highest acuity represented by larger areas

Front 53

columar organization scc

Back 53

all cells perpendicular columns serve same body area

Front 54

feature detectors

Back 54

some neruons somatosensory cortex respond to specialized touch

Front 55

active touch

Back 55

actively exploring physical details with hand , explore object

Front 56

haptic perception

Back 56

3-D objects explores by hand understanding physical properties of objects by touch -- proprioception and sensory motor cogitnive systems all work together

Front 57

tadoma

Back 57

deaf and blind people use this
touching face of other person help make out speech put thumb lips

Front 58

exploratory procedure

Back 58

lateral motion -- feel top
contour following
pressure
enclosure

Front 59

coding object curvature

Back 59

2 sphere one with high one wih low
smaller spheer higher firing rate
overall patter nthat provides ino to brain about curvature

Front 60

passive-

Back 60

when someone puts in your hand and obsevre feeling

Front 61

ssc to frontal lobe

Back 61

cognitive evaluative processing

Front 62

warm and cold fibers

Back 62

when active increase warm and cold perception
15 cold 13 warm

Front 63

placebo effect

Back 63

cause release endorphins

Front 64

insular cortex

Back 64

area deep in cortex between parietal and temporal lobes

Front 65

neurogensis

Back 65

constant renewal receptors - cycle birht death every 5 to 7 weeks unportected so constantly need to be renewed

Front 66

microsmatic

Back 66

humans less keen sense smell not crucial for survival

Front 67

macrosomatic

Back 67

dogs keen sense smell needed for survival

Front 68

locke perception hot and cold

Back 68

depends on adaption

Front 69

newborn facial expressions

Back 69

5 different tastes - expression dependent on taste

Front 70

acupuncture

Back 70

may acitvate medial leminscal path or release endorhpins
- reduce chronic pain

Front 71

c tactile mechanrecptors

Back 71

class free nerve ending only in hariy skin respond to slow gentle touch

Front 72

endorhpins and PAG

Back 72

reduces pain mimics effect opiate drugs
released from periaqueductial grey -- have effect pain gate

Front 73

robbins distraction effect on pain

Back 73

distraction decrease pain -- video games bandage change

Front 74

where bimodal neurons located

Back 74

bitofrontal cortex

Front 75

ansomia

Back 75

no smell its impaired cant taste things right

Front 76

flavor

Back 76

taste + smell particles of consumed food contact mucosa during eating

Front 77

taste pure substances

Back 77

sucrose Naci HCi quinine

Front 78

taste adaption

Back 78

lowered perception of particular taste quality

Front 79

potentiation

Back 79

some substance increase sensitivyt to particular taste

Front 80

taste pleasure -- 2 ways happens

Back 80

pleasureable taste becomes less if you eata lot of food with that taste

allistethia == singals sent by digestive system
sensory specific satiety - occurs due to sensory experience with particular food

Front 81

OFC neurons taste pleasure eating behavior

Back 81

monkeys given cream licked alot then lost ethusiam eventuall stopped and neurons did same thing