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87 Cards in this Set
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trait approach to personality
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views behavioral patterns in a general sense and as stable across time and situation, sees individual differences as rooted in biology
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factor analysis
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determining which traits are encompassed by others in order to narrow down the list of factors influencing personality
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big five personality traits
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OCEAN
1) openness to experience 2) conscientiousness 3) extraversion 4) agreeableness 5) neuroticism |
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twin approach to testing for heritability
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compare monozygotic twins raised together to dizygotic twins raised together or perhaps monozygotic twins raised together to monozygotic twins raised apart
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what value stands for the heritability index (i.e. the measure of how heritable a trait is)?
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h^2 or h squared
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h^2 = 1.00 means
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the trait is completely heritable (this is never the case)
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h^2 = .00 means
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the expression of a trait is completely based on the environment with no genetic contribution
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how much of trait variability can be attributed to genes? (%?)
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40%
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how much can be attributed to environment?
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one must break this down into shared vs. unshared environment between an individual and another given person
shared = 5% unshared = 35% |
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passive influence
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a person happens to be in a certain environment and their personality develops based on that environment
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evocative influence
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a trait/behavior evokes a response in others, which in turn reinforces that behavior (e.g. child is combative, so people ignore him, so he becomes more combative)
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active influence
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person has a certain personality and deliberately puts themselves in situations based on the way that they behave (e.g. outgoing people decide to go to parties)
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mean level change
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take a group of people, measure some aspect of their personality at one point in time (calculate the mean) and then later (calculate the mean again) and the difference you see between these means is the mean level change
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differential continuity
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take a group of people, measure some aspect of their personality (e.g. extroversion) and you be able to rank people from most extroverted to least- if this same order of extroversion is seen from a first measurement to a later one, then there is differential continuity
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what is explanatory style?
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the way in which someone explains why something happened to them/ how much they downplay or exaggerate the implications of an event
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locus of control
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ASK GABBY, SAACHI, AND JELYN!
*related to Mastery-Oriented vs. Helpless and Entity vs. Incremental Theorists? |
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internal vs. external explanations of an event e.g. why your boyfriend is ignoring your calls
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internal- I did something wrong and he must be mad about it
external- his phone probably died or he is really busy and can't call back right now |
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stable vs. unstable explanations of an event e.g. why you failed your psych exam
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stable- I just failed because I didn't study enough for this particular exam
unstable- I will fail every exam in the future because I have a terrible memory and will never understand psych (note: stable/ unstable explanations differ from global/ specific b/c they are related to TIME) |
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global vs. specific explanations of an event e.g. why your boyfriend broke up with you
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global- I am not interesting enough, not pretty enough, not smart enough, etc.
specific- he is applying to medical school and just doesn't have time to commit to a relationship |
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two styles of thinking, explaining, and responding to failure
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mastery-oriented vs. helpless
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mastery-oriented attitude toward failure
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thinks that one succeeds or fails based on how much effort they put into something and their next move if they fail is to rethink their strategy
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helpless attitude toward failure
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thinks that one succeeds or fails based on ability and their next move if they fail is to avoid the same situation the next time around
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what is attributional style?
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the way that someone explains the behavior of themselves and others
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dispositional attributions of behavior
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explaining someone's behavior as a product of their personality i.e. "that's just how he is"
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situational attributions of behavior
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explaining someone's behavior as a product of the given situation i.e. "he must be having a bad day"
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who developed the entity and incremental theories?
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Dweck and Leggett
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entity theory i.e. fixed mindset
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the belief that characteristics are fixed and unchangeable
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incremental theory i.e. growth mindset
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the belief that characteristics are malleable and can be improved and developed thru effort
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an entity theorist would have a ______ response to failure
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helpless
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an incremental theorist would have a ______ response to failure
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mastery-oriented
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social-cognitive approach to personality
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examines one's individual thoughts, feelings, and behavior in response to the the environment, considering these responses to be learned thru previous experience and biological bases
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psychodynamic approach to personality
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I think that it focuses on unconscious influences on personality
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what are the 3 provinces of the mind?
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1) id
2) superego 3) ego |
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id
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i is for Id, i is for Instincts
home of unconscious sexual and aggressive instincts (operates according to the pleasure principle or the instinctive drive to seek pleasure and avoid pain) |
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superego
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s is for super, s is for strict
the province of the mind that is unconsciously and consciously concerned with morals and societal norms/ideals) (like your conscience because it is focused on morals and like your own personal peer pressure center because it focuses on the ideals of society) |
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ego
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unconsciously and consciously manages the conflicting demands of the id and superego (operates according to the reality principle, the main goal of which is compromise formation)
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the 6 defense mechanisms
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Robert Pattinson Really Despises Doing Situps
1) Repression 2) Projection 3) Reaction Formation 4) Denial 5) Displacement 6) Sublimation |
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repression
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of memories
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projection
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convincing yourself that those around you are feeling the same way you are so that you can feel better about your own feelings (e.g. when sitting waiting for an interview, feeling really nervous, you turn to the person next to you and say OMG you looks so nervous!)
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reaction formation
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when a person acts very differently than how they feel inside (e.g. homophobic boy from Glee who was all mean to Kurt, but one day, tried to kiss him)
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denial
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either denying that something happened at all or downplaying the severity of a situation
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displacement
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taking out your frustration not on the person who has upset you, but on someone else (often someone who loves you unconditionally)
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sublimation
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taking negative feelings and making something positive out of them (e.g. Taylor Swift, who always says "at least I got a good song out of it")
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another defense mechanism not on the power point, but that she mentioned in class
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rationalizing
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rationalizing i.e. excessive self-justification
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always trying to find a good reason for why you did something, even if that something was not right
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the 5 techniques of psychoanalysis
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People Can Fly In Dreams
1) Projective Techniques 2) Catharsis 3) Free Association 4) Insight 5) Dream Analysis |
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free association
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patient freely talks and psychologist attempts to make connections
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insight and catharsis
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therapist guides a patient to a point where they feel like they understand all of their issues (insight) and experience a moment of catharsis or epiphany
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dream analysis
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done because there is a belief that one's latent/ unacknowledged stress manifests itself in their dreams in the form of symbols
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projective techniques
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attempt to find a pattern in people's perceptions of images
(e.g. inkblot test or TAT test) |
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TAT test
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Thematic Apperception Test
subject is shown pictures with ambiguous meanings and asked: what has led up to the event shown? what are the characters feeling and thinking? what was outcome of the story? |
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cognitive vulnerability
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the level of vulnerability one has to becoming stressed and in turn depressed (i.e. to feel helpless and hopeless)
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helplessness/ helplessness
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feeling like one has no control (leads to self-blame and stable/global explanations of failure)
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locus of control
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a person's belief system about why certain negative and positive events occur in their lives
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humanistic approach to personality
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"finding yourself" i.e. putting in a conscious effort to develop one's true self and achieve personal growth
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types of goal content
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intrinsic and extrinsic
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intrinsic goal content
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goals consist of personal growth, community involvement, doing a good job i.e. being competent
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extrinsic goal content
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material things, money, fame, etc.
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strivings
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what you strive for
- if your strivings are intrinsic, you are generally more happy - if they are extrinsic, you are generally more anxious and less happy they are |
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3 conditions under which therapy can happen according to the humanistic approach
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1) acceptance of patient by therapist
2) therapist must hold patient in positive regard 3) empathic understanding (patient must feel like the therapist understands them) |
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narrative approach
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(part of the humanistic approach)
creating a life story to give meaning to identity development |
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McAdams study (life story interview)
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participants were asked for:
1) life chapters 2) significant memories 3) life challenge 4) influential people in your life 5) future plot/ goals 6) life theme |
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types of life themes
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agency and communion
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agency
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coded for self mastery, status/victory, achievement/responsibility, & empowerment
(focused on oneself) |
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communion
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coded for love/friendship, dialogue, caring/help, & unity/togetherness
(focused on others) |
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types of emotional sequencing
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redemption and contamination
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redemption
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negative event ends positively
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contamination
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positive event ends negatively
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Freud's perspective to human motivation
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humans have dangerous/threatening basic impulses that must be controlled in order for them to function in society
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humanistic approach to human motivation
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basic human motivation is to grow and develop oneself and interference/ distortion of this motivation is a product of society and other people
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how do we define abnormality i.e. abnormal behavior?
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behavior that:
- is physically harmful to the individual or others - causes the person emotional suffering - interferes with functioning in daily life (e.g. OCD) - causes one to lose touch with reality and thus lose self-control |
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how do we diagnose abnormality?
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with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual i.e. the DSM, which classifies various abnormal disorders
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3 benefits of the DSM/ having specific criteria for diagnosing disorders?
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1) common language and thus better communication
2) allows one to compare disorders side by side 3) organized, which facilitates research and the process of finding an appropriate treatment |
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2 risks of the DSM/ having specific criteria for diagnosing disorders?
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1) if one is labeled as having a disorder, they may take this to mean that they are not healthy or normal, which can be harmful to their state of mind
2) it may not be correct to say that disorders can be separated into nice, neat categories- it is likely that it is more of a continuum 3) can lead to stereotyping- psychologists may have an idea in their head about what a schizophrenic person is like for instance and this may influence their diagnosis (i.e. they may not treat every patient as a unique individual) |
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8 examples of DSM major categories of disorders
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Some Say Eating Many Applies Prevents Doctor Days
1) Substance-related disorders 2) Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders 3) Eating disorders 4) Mood disorders 5) Anxiety disorders (e.g. phobias and OCD) 6) Personality disorders 7) Dissociative disorders 8) Disorders originating in infancy/childhood/adolescence |
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the 5 Axes of the DSM (psychologists start at Axis 1 and go down the line when diagnosing patients)
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1) check to see if patient has one of the most frequently diagnosed disorders
2) figure out whether or not it is a long standing disorder like some personality disorder or mental retardation 3) eliminate the possibility that it may be being caused by some medical cause (i.e. overactive thyroid) aka check out relevant general medical conditions 4) make sure symptoms are not the result of some psychosocial or environmental cause 5) GAF (Global Assessment of psychological, social ,and occupational Functioning) - once disorder is diagnosed and treatment has begun, you use the GAF |
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symptoms of depression
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- persistent sadness
- anhedonia (lack of pleasure in activities that used to make you happy) - changes in sleep/appetite - fatigue - feelings of worthlessness/ guilt - thoughts of death/ suicide |
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symptoms of bipolar disorder/ mania
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- inflated sense of power
- euphoria - accelerated speech - excessive creation of unrealistic goals - overindulgence in pleasurable activities like shopping or sex - little to no need for sleep |
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symptoms of panic disorder
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- having repeated panic attacks that have no apparent trigger
- agoraphobia i.e. a severe decrease in activity because one is constantly afraid that they will have a panic attack |
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cognitive perspective on panic disorder
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many panic attacks occur because a person thinks they are having a panic attack when they really aren't, this increasing stress levels, and resulting in a real panic attack
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2 types of agoraphobia/ avoidance
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1) interoceptive: avoiding situations that simulate the bodily feelings associated with having a panic attack (i.e. intense exercise)
2) exteroceptive: avoiding situations with external characteristics that remind you of places/situations in which you have previously had panic attacks |
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diathesis- stress model
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attributes mental illness to genetic predisposition and precipitating life events
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treatment for depression
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medications (e.g. SSRIs or Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) in addition to therapy (the gold standard of which is cognitive, which aims to change one's cognitions/ attitudes)
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treatment for bipolar disorder
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mood-stabilizing drugs plus creating a strictly regimented schedule for the patient's day to decrease stress
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treatment for OCD
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cognitive-behavioral therapy
1) change a person's attitudes 2) change a person's behavior (e.g. making germophobes put their hands in a dumpster) |
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symptoms of anorexia nervosa
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- intense fear of gaining weight (which increases as weight decreases)
- distorted perception of body image - denial of how thin you are - in women, loss of menstrual cycle for 3 months and in men, decreased libido |
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treatments of phobias
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systematic desensitization aka exposure (exposing a person to their fears via a fear hierarchy i.e. baby steps from least stressful situations to more)
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