Final Note Cards

Front 1

Anthropology

Back 1

the study of human species and diversity and change across time and space

Front 2

Holistic approach

Back 2

not limited by space,time, or dimension of human experience

Front 3

Comparative approach

Back 3

looking at different phenomenon across human experiences in time. Gives insight into similarities and differences across different cultures and within one culture.

Front 4

society

Back 4

organized life in groups

Front 5

culture

Back 5

traditions, customs, norms, beliefs, and behaviors

Front 6

adaption and variation

Back 6

adaption and variation are ways of coping with change or challenging circumstances

Front 7

biological anthropology

Back 7

human variation and adaptation, evolution

Front 8

archeology

Back 8

human diversity in change in past societies; study material culture, environmental history, architecture, and landscapes

Front 9

socioculture

Back 9

how people produce meaning in their lives, religion, economics, culture, and social standings

Front 10

linguistic anthropology

Back 10

relationships between language, communication, and culture

Front 11

ethnographic fieldwork

Back 11

long term, gain much more insight, not a member of that society but not a stranger

Front 12

participant observation

Back 12

become a participant in that society

Front 13

excavation

Back 13

revelation of archaeological remains and the gathering and recording of these remains

Front 14

biological myth

Back 14

we can't separate culture from biology

Front 15

adaption

Back 15

ways of coping with change or challenging circumstances

Front 16

human phenotypic variation and adaptation are____________

Back 16

biological processes

Front 17

interaction among genetic, environmental and sociocultural factors

Back 17

the role of culture in human adaptation

Front 18

In what ways do humans vary?

Back 18

-phenotypic
-race and ethnicity
-culture

Front 19

hominins are:

Back 19

-bipedal
-intelligent, social, cultural, tool-usin

Front 20

bipedalism clues:

Back 20

1.Angle of foramen magnum (90-180 degrees)
2.Pelvis shape
3.Articulation of femur and pelvis
4.Knock-knees

Front 21

Bipedal blues

Back 21

1. Chronic backaches
2. Complicated births

Front 22

Evolution

Back 22

change over time

Front 23

Microevolution

Back 23

changes in the genetic makeup of population

Front 24

Macroevolution

Back 24

change on the scale of separate gene pools

Front 25

Phenotypic plasticity

Back 25

a range of expressions within a species; environment affects how we appear or the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment

Front 26

Genotype

Back 26

DNA, your genes, genetic makeup

Front 27

Phenotype

Back 27

outward appearance, genotype and environment

Front 28

Population

Back 28

culture, migration

Front 29

Four forces in micro/macroevolution

Back 29

1.Natural selection
2.Mutation
3.Gene flow(migration)
4.Genetic drift

Front 30

Natural selection

Back 30

Non-random; acts on "fitness" of phenotype; interacts with other forces of microevolution; result in different rates of fitness and fertility

Front 31

Mutation

Back 31

The only sources of new variation; random changes to genetic material; happens regularly but is neutral/invisible

Front 32

Gene flow

Back 32

random in effect on gene pool;migration;movement of genes between breeding populations; increases diversity within a population

Front 33

Genetic drift

Back 33

decreases genetic diversity in a breeding population; random in effect on gene pool; isolation of populations; genetic “bottleneck” events. Ex. Giant meteor killing off half the human population would decrease genetic diversity

Front 34

Popular model of Race

Back 34

1.widespread assumption that race is biological variation
2.races as biologically discrete categories

Front 35

Social Scientists' Model

Back 35

1.an ethnicity widely believed to be based in biology and genetics
2.race is a sociocultural category

Front 36

Is race real?

Back 36

Real in that it is a way to categorize people in a sociocultural sense, however, race has no biological basis

Front 37

The peopling of Earth/global human diaspora

Back 37

Paleolithic

Front 38

Climate change- changes in subsistence and settlement patterns

Back 38

Mesolithic/last glaciation

Front 39

Adaption through domestication

Back 39

Around Neolithic era

Front 40

Change from exclusive foragers to food producer trade-offs:

Back 40

1.Increased risks of famine
2.Changing diets; increased nutritional disease
3.Changing exposure to infectious diseases
4.Zoonosis-species to species

Front 41

Signs of domestication in plants:

Back 41

1.Increased size of fruit
2.Loss of natural mean os seed dispersal
3.Loss of protective mechanisms
4.Changes in pattern of germination of seeds
5. Simultaneous ripening

Front 42

Signs of domestication in plants:

Back 42

1.Neotony:animals look more cute,infantile due to domestication
2. Altered age/sex ratios
3.Increased size of animal or desired body part of animal
4.Decreased natural defenses

Front 43

Culture

Back 43

traditions,customs,norms,beliefs,and behaviors

Front 44

Society

Back 44

organized life in groups; structure and hierarchy; material and interpersonal relationships; classical typologies based on subsistence, politics, and population

Front 45

culture is:

Back 45

Learned
Holistic(touches every aspect of our lives)
Shared
Symbolic
Integrated

Front 46

Culture according to TYLOR

Back 46

“that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”

Front 47

Culture according to GOODNUFF

Back 47

“what you need to get by”

Front 48

Ethnocentrism

Back 48

belief in the superiority of one’s own culture

Front 49

Essentialism

Back 49

-viewing identities as innate, uniform, or unchanging
-taking stereotypes of different groups and projecting them onto other groups and others of that group

Front 50

What is cultural relativism?

Back 50

putting yourself in the shoes of the culture you’re examining in order to better understand them

Front 51

Essentialism

Back 51

judging another culture from your own standpoint

Front 52

Emic

Back 52

An insider's perspective

Front 53

Etic

Back 53

An outsiders perspective (i.e.-essentialism)

Front 54

Ethnicity

Back 54

-Tribal, racial, national, historical, geographical, linguistic heritage, shared religious beliefs, common descent (of people, ideas, or traditions)
-Phenotype (biophysical, decorative, cosmetic)

Front 55

Social statuses

Back 55

-an individual’s position in social groups
-class position or location in social hierarchy
-can occupy multiple; depends on context

Front 56

Social class

Back 56

occupation, education, income, wealth

Front 57

Gender

Back 57

-a sociocultural system
-has 3 dimensions significant to identity:
--social sex roles, gendered norms
--gendered diversity and stratification
--psychological gender

Front 58

sex

Back 58

biological variation determined by 5 primary factors:
--chromosomal makeup (XX or XY)
--presence/absence of different sex hormones
--type of gonads
--the internal reproductive organs
--the appearance of the external genitalia

Front 59

How an individual identifies his or herself within the scope of gender

Back 59

Gender system

Front 60

The gender binary

Back 60

-sex and gender conflated; collapsed into two social categories
• part of enculturation
• can start before birth
• dressing girls in pink, boys in blue

Front 61

Gender system

Back 61

Traits a society assigns to ones sex

Front 62

What is the traditional classification of types of subsistence?

Back 62

-hunting and gathering/foraging
-->dumpster diving, truffle hunting
-pastoralism
-->herding, livestock production
-horticulture
-->small-yield crop production
-agriculture
-->high-yield crop production

Front 63

Intensive

Back 63

high costs, high gross benefits

Front 64

Extensive

Back 64

low costs, low gross benefits (i.e. horticulture)

Front 65

Myth of barter

Back 65

-before money, there was only barter
-money evolved to solve the coincidence of wants
-but anthropologists have not found any barter economies

Front 66

generalized reciprocity

Back 66

an exchange where a person gives a good or a service to someone else but does not receive anything back at that time
--expectation that the act will be returned in the future
--gifts between FRIENDS--

Front 67

balanced reciprocity

Back 67

a direct exchange where the two parties involved seek to arrive at a mutually acceptable price or exchange for goods or services
-DONE WITH STRANGERS-

Front 68

negative reciprocity

Back 68

attempt to get something for nothing with impunity; may be described as haggling, barter, or theft
--the most impersonal form of change
--interested parties seek to maximize their gains
--not social
---Done between ENEMIES---

Front 69

Colonialism

Back 69

-15th-20th centuries
-direct control of area through colonial administration
-expansion of political and economic power of ‘metropole’

Front 70

Neocolonialism

Back 70

-since mid-20th century
-indirect control of area through policy, aid, and trade agreements
-expansion of political and economic power of ‘core’

Front 71

Similarities between colonialism and neocolonialism

Back 71

-unequal social relation
-undemocratic and exploitive

Front 72

Reasons for colonization:

Back 72

1.Capitalism
2.Nationalism
3.Colonialos Ideologies

Front 73

Capitalism

Back 73

-requires expansion (major drive of colonialism)
-materials for industrial production
-new market for export goods

Front 74

Nationalism

Back 74

-distract from internal revolt by colonizing outside

Front 75

Colonialist Ideologies

Back 75

-cultural imperialism
-”White Man’s Burden” → obligation to rule over other backgrounds/territories
-encourage other cultures to be more European because they can’t govern themselves and fall short

Front 76

How did the Colonial Metropole control colonized people and territory?

Back 76

1.Military power
2.Political Power and Governing Strategies
3.Economic power,duel economics, and Bureaucracy
4.Propegating colonial ideologies

Front 77

Military Power

Back 77

-forced conscription and corvée labor
-’gunboat diplomacy’
--i.e. shock & awe strategy

Front 78

Political Power and Governing Strategies

Back 78

-indirect rule; limited number of administrators (British strategy)
-La politique des races; many administrators; hierarchy created (French strategy)

Front 79

Economic Power, Dual Economies, and Bureaucracy

Back 79

-carrot and stick strategy
--carrot → consumer goods
--stick → taxation, legibility

Front 80

Propagating Colonial Ideologies

Back 80

-education, missionization
-Carlisle School for civilizing → “kill the Indian, save the child”
-demonstration of colonial ideology in daily life

Front 81

International development

Back 81

-more developed countries supplying aid to less developed countries
-intervention for greater health care, education, etc.
-misguided due to the misinterpretation of what the country needs, or what it’s culture is. Most development does more harm than good if it does anything at all.