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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
gram negative rods
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1. bacteroids
2. bordetella pertusis 3. brucella 4. chlamydia 5. enterbacteracae 6. francisealla tularensis 7. heamophilus influenzae 8. legionella pneumophilia 9. mycoplasma 10. pseudomonas aeruginosa 11. rickettsia 12. yersinia pestis |
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bacteroides
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-gram negative rod
-pleomorphic -causes ulcerative colitis (like Crohn's disease but the inner layer of colon) |
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bordetella pertusis
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-gram negative rod
-whooping cough -treated with pertussin and rabbitussin |
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brucella
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-gram negative rod
-causes abortions b. abortus in cows b. melitensis in goats b. suis in hogs needs a lot of CO2 for isolation |
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chlamydia
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-gram negative rod
-energy parasite (cannot produce ATP) -occasionally = psittocosis in birds leads to pneumoniea in humans -normally = STD of genital areas |
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enterbacteriaceae
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-gram negative rod
-escherichia (intestine) enterobacter (pathogenic) produce acid and gas from lactose -salmonella - not proteolytic, pathogenic, does not ferment lactose, comes from undercooked poultry, Salmonella typhi = typhoid fever (other species cause gastroenteritis) -shigella - similar to salmonella (pathogenic) shigella dysentary - dysentry (diarrhea w blood -death) -proteus: proteolytic, not pathogenic |
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francisealla tularensis
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-gram negative rods
-tularemia causes 'rabbit fever' |
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heamophilus influenzea
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-gram negative rods
-secondary invader -blood fractions necessary (available on chocolate agar -X factor = heme -V factor = NAD+ -prevents you from getting as much energy from your food |
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legionella pneumophilia
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-gram negative rod
-causes legionair's disease -gets iron from heme of host -causes pneumonia-like disease -via air-conditioning units |
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mycoplasma
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-gram negative rod
-smaller than rickettsia -no cell wall / like protoplasts -normal mouth inhabitant -M. pneumoniae causes walking pneumonia |
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pseudomonas aeruginosa
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-gram negative rod
-endotoxin/exotoxin - same as diptheria (affects <3 muscle) -causes fatal infection in people with bad burns or systic fibrosis (otherwise harmless) |
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rickettsia
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-gram negative rod
-small (.3 um * .5 um) -obligate parasites: cultured on chick embryos -R. prowazekii: typhus fever (human to human via ticks) -R. ricketsii: river Mountain spotted fever: transmitted via ticks |
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yersinia pestis
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-gram negative rod
-3 plagues bubonic -- lymph system pneumonic -- lungs septicemic -- blood rats infect humans via rat flea |
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gram positive cocci
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1. staphylococcus aureus
2. streptococcus |
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gram negative cocci
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1. neisseria gonorrhoeae
2. neisseria meningitidis -oxidase positive -requires an atmosphere high in CO2 -fastidious - grows on chocolate a. -diagnosis: look in white blood cells fro cocci in pairs |
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staphylococcus aureus
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-gram positive cocci
-facultatively anaerobic -grows in clusters -able to grow in 7.5% NaCl -produces gold pigment -ferments mannitol -B-hemolytic -produces coagulase -produces an enterotoxin in good -causes skin infections, toxic shock |
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streptococcus
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-gram positive cocci
-catalase negative -grows singly or in chains a. pyrogenic group - pus forming S pyrogenes: strept throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever S pneumoniae: cocci in pairs, causes 70% of bacterial pneumonia b. viridian's group: S mutants - involved in tooth decay, S agalactiae - causes mastitis (udder infection) c. entercoccus group: S faecium d. lactic group: produces lactic acid from sugar, S lactis - used to make cheese, yogurt, ect. |
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
neisseria meningitidis |
causes gonorrhea
-gram negative cocci -oxidase positive -requires high CO2 in atmosphere -fastidious: grows on chocolate a. -diagnosis: look in blood for cocci in pairs |
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gram positive rods
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1. bacillus
2. clostridium 3. listeria monocytogenes 4. corynebacterium diptheriae 5. mycobacterium |
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bacillus
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-gram positive rod
-obligate aerobe (needs O2 to live) B. antrhacis:only one harmful to humans (anthrax) -- spores are harmful -- inhaled, thru a cut, thru food -- causes cells to swell and burst -- causes black leg in cows |
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Clostridium
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-gram positive, anaerobic, spore-forming, catalase negative
-C. tetnai: causes tetanus, B-hemolytic, saprophyte, drumstick spores. -C botulinum: neurotoxin prevents formation of acetylcholine, Botulism = paralysis -C. perfringenes: gangrene, food poisoning -C. dificile: (CDIF) causes intestinal problems if normal intestinal bacteria are gond due to antibiotics |
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listeria monocytogenes
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-gram positive rod
-causes a form of meningitis in people who have damaged immune systems -causes abortions and stillbirths |
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corynebacterium diphtheria
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-gram positive rod
-pleomorphic -growth often in palisades -endotoxin produced in throat, diffuses thru body. death usually due to <3 damage |
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mycobacterium
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-gram positive rod
-hard to kill due to waxy coat -m. tuberculosis/bovis: tuberculosis un humans -m. leprae: leprosy kills nerve cells -m. paratuberculosis: related to chron's disease (ulcerative infection of the entire GI tract) |
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Spirals
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can't gram stain because the don't have rigid cell walls -- no peptidoglycan
treponema pallidum borrelia burgdorferi helicobacter pylori |
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Treponema pallidum
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-spiral
-motile cells, flexible cell wall -difficult to gram stain -causes syphillus |
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borrelia burgdorferi
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-spiral
-lyme disease (first symptom: bulls eye rash) -caused by deer ticks |
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helicobacter pylori
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-spiral
-causes stomach ulcers |
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Coliforms
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-aerobic
-facultative gram negative -non-spore-forming -produces gas from lactose in 24 |
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the three tests of coliforms
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presumptive
confirmed completed |
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IMVC test
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indole
methyl red voges-proskauer citrate utilization |
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Coliforms and enterococci serve as
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fecal indicators
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water purification steps
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1. sedimentation (3 weeks)
2. coagulation 3. filtration 4. chlorination |
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for coagulation what do you add?
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Al2(SO4)3 and Ca(OH)3
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wastewater
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99.9% water
0.1% organic solids |
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biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD) |
the amount of oxygen gas needs to completely oxidize the organic matter in sewage
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aerobic digestion
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organic compounds + O2
= CO2 + H2O |
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anaerobic digestion
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organic compounds
= CH4 + H2S + NH3 |
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the goal of sewage treatment
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to reduce BOD to a minimum
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wastewater treatment
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primary - filter or sedimentation
secondary - oxidize! reduce BOD tertiary - chlorination |
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food spoilage:
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moisture
oxygen temperature acidity nutrients |
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fruit spoilage
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high moisture, acid, high sugar
= molds and yeasts |
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veggie spoilage
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starch, high moisture, neutral pH
= bacteria like Erwinia carotovera |
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bread spoilage
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protein, starch
= molds, B. subtillis - causes ropey bread |
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meat spoilage
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high moisture, neutral pH, protein, fat
= proteolytic bacteria, (psychrophiles are proteolytic) and lipolytic bacteria too |
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milk spoilage
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'complete food'
just about anything will grow on it! EW proteolytic, lypolitic, bateria psychrophiles |
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eggs spoilage
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similar to meat
(shell is good protection tho) |
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canned foods:
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flat sours
bluges or swells sulfide stinkers |
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flat sours
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acid, no gas
= B. stearothermophilus |
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bluges or swells
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acid and gas
= thermophilic anaerobes Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum |
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sulfide stinkers
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acid and gass
= putrefactive anaerobes Clostridium sporogenes |
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food poisoning:
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1. staphylococcus aureus
2. salmonella 3. clostridium botulinum 4. campylobacter jejuni 5. aspergillus flavus 6. escherichia coli 7. bacillus cereus |
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staphylococcus poisoning
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-symptoms in 6 hours
-enterotoxin - heat-stable -food intoxication (toxin in produced BEFORE it is eaten) |
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Salmonella
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-food infection - toxin produced after it is eaten
-symptoms in 12 - 24 hours -poultry -common in food in warm places |
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clostridium botulinum
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-toxin produced after it is eaten
-neurotoxin - paraysis, -symptoms in 24-48 hours -blurred vision -slurred speach -death my respiratory failure -source: improperly canned food, meat, fish -detection? bad smell NaNO2 is used to prevent botulism |
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campylobacter jejuni
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-symptoms like salmonella
-poultry -2 million cases annually |
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aspergillus flavus
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aflatoxin - carcinogen
found in grains and peanuts |
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E. coli
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0157:H7 (strain) produces exterotoxin
-symptoms include diarrhea, kidney failure -source - ground beef |
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bacillus cereus
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-in starch food
-can cause diarrhea |