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59 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
gram negative rods
1. bacteroids
2. bordetella pertusis
3. brucella
4. chlamydia
5. enterbacteracae
6. francisealla tularensis
7. heamophilus influenzae
8. legionella pneumophilia
9. mycoplasma
10. pseudomonas aeruginosa
11. rickettsia
12. yersinia pestis
bacteroides
-gram negative rod
-pleomorphic
-causes ulcerative colitis (like Crohn's disease but the inner layer of colon)
bordetella pertusis
-gram negative rod
-whooping cough
-treated with pertussin and rabbitussin
brucella
-gram negative rod
-causes abortions
b. abortus in cows
b. melitensis in goats
b. suis in hogs
needs a lot of CO2 for isolation
chlamydia
-gram negative rod
-energy parasite (cannot produce ATP)
-occasionally = psittocosis in birds leads to pneumoniea in humans
-normally = STD of genital areas
enterbacteriaceae
-gram negative rod
-escherichia (intestine) enterobacter (pathogenic) produce acid and gas from lactose
-salmonella - not proteolytic, pathogenic, does not ferment lactose, comes from undercooked poultry, Salmonella typhi = typhoid fever (other species cause gastroenteritis)
-shigella - similar to salmonella (pathogenic) shigella dysentary - dysentry (diarrhea w blood -death)
-proteus: proteolytic, not pathogenic
francisealla tularensis
-gram negative rods
-tularemia causes 'rabbit fever'
heamophilus influenzea
-gram negative rods
-secondary invader
-blood fractions necessary (available on chocolate agar
-X factor = heme
-V factor = NAD+
-prevents you from getting as much energy from your food
legionella pneumophilia
-gram negative rod
-causes legionair's disease
-gets iron from heme of host
-causes pneumonia-like disease
-via air-conditioning units
mycoplasma
-gram negative rod
-smaller than rickettsia
-no cell wall / like protoplasts
-normal mouth inhabitant
-M. pneumoniae causes walking pneumonia
pseudomonas aeruginosa
-gram negative rod
-endotoxin/exotoxin - same as diptheria (affects <3 muscle)
-causes fatal infection in people with bad burns or systic fibrosis (otherwise harmless)
rickettsia
-gram negative rod
-small (.3 um * .5 um)
-obligate parasites: cultured on chick embryos
-R. prowazekii: typhus fever (human to human via ticks)
-R. ricketsii: river Mountain spotted fever: transmitted via ticks
yersinia pestis
-gram negative rod
-3 plagues
bubonic -- lymph system
pneumonic -- lungs
septicemic -- blood
rats infect humans via rat flea
gram positive cocci
1. staphylococcus aureus
2. streptococcus
gram negative cocci
1. neisseria gonorrhoeae
2. neisseria meningitidis

-oxidase positive
-requires an atmosphere high in CO2
-fastidious - grows on chocolate a.
-diagnosis: look in white blood cells fro cocci in pairs
staphylococcus aureus
-gram positive cocci
-facultatively anaerobic
-grows in clusters
-able to grow in 7.5% NaCl
-produces gold pigment
-ferments mannitol
-B-hemolytic
-produces coagulase
-produces an enterotoxin in good
-causes skin infections, toxic shock
streptococcus
-gram positive cocci
-catalase negative
-grows singly or in chains
a. pyrogenic group - pus forming
S pyrogenes: strept throat,
scarlet fever, rheumatic fever
S pneumoniae: cocci in pairs,
causes 70% of bacterial
pneumonia
b. viridian's group: S mutants - involved in tooth decay, S agalactiae - causes mastitis (udder infection)
c. entercoccus group: S faecium
d. lactic group: produces lactic acid from sugar, S lactis - used to make cheese, yogurt, ect.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
neisseria meningitidis
causes gonorrhea
-gram negative cocci
-oxidase positive
-requires high CO2 in atmosphere
-fastidious: grows on chocolate a.
-diagnosis: look in blood for cocci in pairs
gram positive rods
1. bacillus
2. clostridium
3. listeria monocytogenes
4. corynebacterium diptheriae
5. mycobacterium
bacillus
-gram positive rod
-obligate aerobe (needs O2 to live)
B. antrhacis:only one harmful to humans (anthrax)
-- spores are harmful
-- inhaled, thru a cut, thru food
-- causes cells to swell and burst
-- causes black leg in cows
Clostridium
-gram positive, anaerobic, spore-forming, catalase negative
-C. tetnai: causes tetanus, B-hemolytic, saprophyte, drumstick spores.
-C botulinum: neurotoxin prevents formation of acetylcholine, Botulism = paralysis
-C. perfringenes: gangrene, food poisoning
-C. dificile: (CDIF) causes intestinal problems if normal intestinal bacteria are gond due to antibiotics
listeria monocytogenes
-gram positive rod
-causes a form of meningitis in people who have damaged immune systems
-causes abortions and stillbirths
corynebacterium diphtheria
-gram positive rod
-pleomorphic
-growth often in palisades
-endotoxin produced in throat, diffuses thru body. death usually due to <3 damage
mycobacterium
-gram positive rod
-hard to kill due to waxy coat
-m. tuberculosis/bovis: tuberculosis un humans
-m. leprae: leprosy kills nerve cells
-m. paratuberculosis: related to chron's disease (ulcerative infection of the entire GI tract)
Spirals
can't gram stain because the don't have rigid cell walls -- no peptidoglycan

treponema pallidum
borrelia burgdorferi
helicobacter pylori
Treponema pallidum
-spiral
-motile cells, flexible cell wall
-difficult to gram stain
-causes syphillus
borrelia burgdorferi
-spiral
-lyme disease (first symptom: bulls eye rash)
-caused by deer ticks
helicobacter pylori
-spiral
-causes stomach ulcers
Coliforms
-aerobic
-facultative gram negative
-non-spore-forming
-produces gas from lactose in 24
the three tests of coliforms
presumptive
confirmed
completed
IMVC test
indole
methyl red
voges-proskauer
citrate utilization
Coliforms and enterococci serve as
fecal indicators
water purification steps
1. sedimentation (3 weeks)
2. coagulation
3. filtration
4. chlorination
for coagulation what do you add?
Al2(SO4)3 and Ca(OH)3
wastewater
99.9% water
0.1% organic solids
biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD)
the amount of oxygen gas needs to completely oxidize the organic matter in sewage
aerobic digestion
organic compounds + O2
=
CO2 + H2O
anaerobic digestion
organic compounds
=
CH4 + H2S + NH3
the goal of sewage treatment
to reduce BOD to a minimum
wastewater treatment
primary - filter or sedimentation
secondary - oxidize! reduce BOD
tertiary - chlorination
food spoilage:
moisture
oxygen
temperature
acidity
nutrients
fruit spoilage
high moisture, acid, high sugar
=
molds and yeasts
veggie spoilage
starch, high moisture, neutral pH
=
bacteria like Erwinia carotovera
bread spoilage
protein, starch
=
molds, B. subtillis - causes ropey bread
meat spoilage
high moisture, neutral pH, protein, fat
=
proteolytic bacteria, (psychrophiles are proteolytic) and lipolytic bacteria too
milk spoilage
'complete food'
just about anything will grow on it! EW
proteolytic, lypolitic, bateria psychrophiles
eggs spoilage
similar to meat
(shell is good protection tho)
canned foods:
flat sours
bluges or swells
sulfide stinkers
flat sours
acid, no gas
=
B. stearothermophilus
bluges or swells
acid and gas
=
thermophilic anaerobes
Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum
sulfide stinkers
acid and gass
=
putrefactive anaerobes
Clostridium sporogenes
food poisoning:
1. staphylococcus aureus
2. salmonella
3. clostridium botulinum
4. campylobacter jejuni
5. aspergillus flavus
6. escherichia coli
7. bacillus cereus
staphylococcus poisoning
-symptoms in 6 hours
-enterotoxin - heat-stable
-food intoxication (toxin in produced BEFORE it is eaten)
Salmonella
-food infection - toxin produced after it is eaten
-symptoms in 12 - 24 hours
-poultry
-common in food in warm places
clostridium botulinum
-toxin produced after it is eaten
-neurotoxin - paraysis,
-symptoms in 24-48 hours
-blurred vision
-slurred speach
-death my respiratory failure
-source: improperly canned food, meat, fish
-detection? bad smell

NaNO2 is used to prevent botulism
campylobacter jejuni
-symptoms like salmonella
-poultry
-2 million cases annually
aspergillus flavus
aflatoxin - carcinogen
found in grains and peanuts
E. coli
0157:H7 (strain) produces exterotoxin
-symptoms include diarrhea,
kidney failure
-source - ground beef
bacillus cereus
-in starch food
-can cause diarrhea