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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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an attempt by a network to appeal to a small portion of an audience rather than the majority of the audience
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Narrowcasting
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Public opinion
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the collection of individual opinions toward issues or objects of general interest
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an attempt by a network to appeal to most of the television or radio audience
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Broadcasting
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a system in which power is constitutionally divided between a central government and subnational or local governments
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Federalism
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– an independent website created by an individual or group to disseminate opinions or information
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Blog
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Political socialization
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the process of learning about politics by being exposed to information from parents, teachers, peers, media political leaders, schools, and the community
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a relationship in which the parties use each other for mutual advantage
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Symbiotic relationship
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a way that people (individuals or groups – political parties) shape government’s impact on goals and issues
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Natural rights
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a relationship where two parties or groups are often in opposition, such as public officials and the media
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Adversarial relationship
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Agents of political socialization
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sources of information about politics (parents, peers, media, etc.)
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disclosures of information that some government officials want kept secret
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Leaks
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a system in which the central government has only the powers given to it by the subnational governments
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Confederal system
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– leaks in information that enable reporters to break their stories before their competitors can announce them
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Scoops
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Straw polls
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nonbinding results; unscientific polls
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– a meeting at which the president answers questions from reporters
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Presidential press conference
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competing for public resources based on the organizational basis of race, sex, or ethnicity
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Political equality
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a photo of a politician against a backdrop that symbolizes the point the politician is trying to make
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Photo opportunity
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Sample
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a group of people who are surveyed (opinions should reflect those of the larger group they are representing)
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a few key words or phrases included in a speech with the intent that the television editors will use the phrase in a brief clip on the news
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Sound bite
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a system in which the national government is supreme (subnational governments are created by the national government and have only the powers it gives to them)
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Unitary system
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what politicians do to portray themselves and their programs in the most favorable way (regardless of the facts and often shadowing the truth)
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Spinh
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Crafted talk
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a way of packaging policies that caters to a specific base while appearing to remain mainstream
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short radio addresses given by President Franklin Roosevelt to win support for his policies and reassure the public during the Great Depression
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Fireside chats
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a count of all United States inhabitants done every ten years (in years divisible by ten)
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Popular sovereignty
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newspapers and other mainstream media trying to present the facts in their news stories rather than their opinions
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Practice of objectivity
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Focus groups
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– a group of about a dozen average men and women brought together by political consultants and pollsters to share their feelings and reactions to different things in an effort to develop a campaign strategy that will attract voters to or away from a specific candidate
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a preference for candidates of specific parties or for certain stands on issues that affect a journalist’s reporting
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Political bias
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The view that the Constitution was written by representatives of the people and ratified by the people; Nation centered federalists believe that the national government is the supreme power in the federal relationship.
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Nation-centered federalism
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a twist in news coverage to please or avoid offending advertisers
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Commercial bias
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Push polls
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– a public opinion poll presenting the respondent with biased information favoring or opposing a certain candidate (seek to manipulate opinion)
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a word for television newscasts that attempt to entertain as they provide information
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Infotainment
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– inalienable rights that everyone is born with
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Democracy
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the assumption in political reporting that politics is a game and that politicians are the players; leads to an emphasis on strategy at the expense of substance in news stories
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Game orientation
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Bradley effect
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A discrepancy in polls and actual voting, that overestimates white vote for black candidates because some white voters may falsely report that they intend to vote for an African-American candidate
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the way in which the media reports on the candidates’ polling status and strategies, rather than covering their positions on relevant issues
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Horse race coverage
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a clause in the U.S. constitution which states that treaties and laws made by the national government overpower state laws in the case of conflict
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Supremacy Clause
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– a feeling of cynicism and distrust toward government and officials that is fostered by media coverage of politics
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Media malaise
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Tracking polls
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polls in which a small number of people are polled on successive evenings throughout a campaign in order to assess changes in the level of voter support
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created the model that most contemporary presidents use to communicate with the public; used press conferences and fireside chats (used radio)
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Franklin Roosevelt
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the idea that every person of a democracy has the equal opportunity to influence government
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Minority rights
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refined Roosevelt’s model; idolized Roosevelt; duplicated Roosevelt’s success in media; mastered public speaking and performing (used television)
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Ronald Reagan
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Exit polls
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election-day poll of voters leaving (to get an idea of which candidate is in the lead before counting votes)
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– emulated the Reagan administration; voices messages at appearances and had backgrounds with slogans in photos;
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George W. Bush
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the view that our constitutional system should give precedence to state sovereignty over that of the national government
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State-centered federalism
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Ideology
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a highly organized and coherent set of opinions
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rule by the people
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Right to own property
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Liberalism, liberals
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a person who believes in government activism to help individuals and communities in areas like health, education, and welfare
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the idea that the Constitution created a system in which the national government and the states have separate grants of power with each supreme in its own sphere
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Dual federalism
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Social issues
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important, non-economic issues affecting significant numbers of the populace (crime, racial conflict, etc.)
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a system of government in which citizens have sovereignty
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Indirect democracy
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Conservatism, conservatives
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a person who believes that the domestic role of government should be minimized and that individuals are responsible for their own well-being
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an amendment to the constitution which gave Congress power to levy taxes on personal income
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Sixteenth amendment
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Moderates
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people with centrist positions on issues that distinguish them from liberals and conservatives
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individual rights of people outside the political or religious majority
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Republic
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Bible belt
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a term used to describe portions of the south and Midwest that were strongly influenced by Protestant fundamentals
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– A program, constructed by Franklin Roosevelt’s administration (1930’s), aimed at stimulating economic recovery and aiding victims of the great depression (led to expansion of national government’s role)
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New deal
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George Gallup
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used probability based sampling techniques to start polling in the early 1930’s and predicted Roosevelt would be re-elected; he was right so people began using these polls, known as Gallup polls
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the right of individuals to own private property
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Direct democracy
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the day-to-day cooperation of the federal, state, and local officials in carrying out the business of government
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Cooperative federalism
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a system of government in which citizens elect representatives to make decisions for them
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Political culture
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the delegation of authority by the national government to lower units of government to make and implement policy
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Devolution
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wrote about politics; argued that individuals pursue their own needs and interests through political participation
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Aristotle
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Federal money provided to state (and sometimes local) government for community development and to establish programs to help people such as the elderly, poor, or unemployed (began during the New Deal)
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Grants-in-aid
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wrote “The New Colossus”; made people realize that the statue of liberty dealt with immigration
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Emma Lazarus
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the idea of states as places for policy experimentation
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States as laboratories
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wrote a textbook promoting a new national language
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Noah Webster
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exemptions freeing states from federal program standards and requirements and give them more freedom to set standards and eligibility requirements (applied to welfare programs)
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Superwaiver
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thought that only educated citizens would be able to understand politics
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Thomas Jefferson
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federal laws that require the states to do something without providing full funding for the required task
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Unfunded mandates
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English philosopher; individuals give up certain rights in exchange for law governed society
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Thomas Hobbes
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A clause in the U.S. Constitution that requires the states to recognize contracts that are valid in other states
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Full faith and credit clause
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English philosopher; shared Hobbes’ beliefs, wanted people to give up certain rights to the government in exchange for a law governed society
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John Locke
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the grant of considerable autonomy to a local government
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Home rule
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Frenchman who travelled through United States; noticed that Americans felt more equal than Europeans, thought this was because there was no hereditary monarchy and aristocracy
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Alexis de Tocqueville
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a means for placing policy questions on state ballots and having them decided directly by voters
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Ballot initiative
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president; believed in popular sovereignty, led to a democracy
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Abraham Lincoln
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one of the authors of The Federalist which supported the ratification of the Constitution (worked with Hamilton to write most of the 85 essays and Jay wrote about 5)
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James Madison
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another one of the authors of The Federalist which supported the ratification of the Constitution (worked with Madison to write most of the 85 essays and Jay wrote about 5)
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Alexander Hamilton
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the third author of The Federalist which supported the ratification of the Constitution (worked with Madison and Hamilton)
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John Jay
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Supreme Court justice
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John Marshall
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abolished all internal taxes, tried to make government small, simple, and informal; tried to keep U.S. out of European war; bought Louisiana territories
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Thomas Jefferson
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denied states the right to secede from the union; assumed powers in domestic policy
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Abraham Lincoln
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determined to use government to improve working conditions, eliminate business corruption, and preserve natural resources (president from 1901 – 1909)
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Theodore Roosevelt
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expanded government power to all levels to mitigate the effects of the Great Depression; stock market crashed (president from 1933 – 1945)
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Franklin D. Roosevelt
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increased the size of government; Texas democrat; coincided with the peak activism of modern civil right movement
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Lyndon B. Johnson
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wanted to make government more effective and efficient; tried to find solutions to bureaucratic problem
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Richard Nixon
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believed government was not the solution to problems; created new federalism cutting federal spending; contrasted with Nixon’s approach
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Ronald Reagan
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reformed state-federal relationships; National Governor’s Association; said he was a supporter of state’s right EXCEPT civil rights policy
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William J. Clinton
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openly advocated returning power to the states; insisted on the right of federal agencies to set national standards; clean air and water; consumer safety
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George W. Bush
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