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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are 3 methods for determining lactate threshold
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visual (computerized linear regression analysis); log-log plot; fixed concentration
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Why is nonmetabolic CO2 released
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to buffer the increase in [H+] that results from an increase in [La]
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what is the ventilatory equivalent for O2
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Ve/VO2
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What is the ventilatory for CO2
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Ve/VCO2
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what is the V-slope method
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a graph of VO2 vs VCO2; VCO2 increases faster than VO2
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what is the maximal lactate steady state
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the highest intensity that can be performed while maintaining a constant [La]
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what is the operation definition of max lactate steady state
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the highest work rate that can be maintained with no more than a 1mM increase during the last 20 min of a 30 min constant work rate trial
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how is peak running velocity determined
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the final velocity that can be maintianed for 5s in an increasing treadmill test with speed increasing every 30s
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what is critical power
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the running speed at which runnin speed/time curve reaches a plateau; the power output that can be maintained indefinitely
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what is another name for fatigue index and how is it calculated
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total work; (peak power - final power)/peak power
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what is MAOD and how is it determined, and what is the problem
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maximal accumulated oxygen deficit; exercise test causing exhaustion in 2-3min; NRG requirement is not the same at the beginning of exercise as at steady state and VO2 requirements for high work rates are hard to predict
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what does the epimysium surround
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muscle
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what surrounds the fasciles
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perimysium
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what does the endomysium surround
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muscle fiber
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what does the sarcolemma surround
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myofibrils
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what is the muscle made up of (and following)
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muscle is made up of fascicles which is made up of muscle fibers made up of myofibrils composed of filaments (actin/thin and myosin/thick)
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where are sarcolemma cells located
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below the external lamina and above the sarcolemma
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what is the basic functional unit of muscle cells
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sarcomere
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what are the I band, A band, H zone and M line
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I band straddles the Z line and has only actin, A band has both, H zone has only myosin, M line is several lines in the middle of the H zone and is made up of myomesin (M-protein) and creatine kinase
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what do TI, TT, and TC do
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TI binds actin and indirectly keeps myosin from binding to it. TT binds tropomyosin. TC binds 4 calcium ions and a conformation changes in tropomyosin lifts it from actin's active site
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what does myosin ATPase do
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breaks down ATP as muscle fiber contracts
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what pumps calcium back into the SR
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Ca-ATPase
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what two divisions is peripheral nervous system divided into
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sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)
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what two division is motor/efferent divided into
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somatic motor and autonomic motor
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what is the contact point between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another
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synapse
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which ions have higher concentration outside the cell
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Na, Cl, Ca
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what restores the membrane potential
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Na-K-ATPase pump
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what is the resting membrane potential
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-70mV
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what is the threshold potential
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-55mV
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what is the equilibrium for Na, K and Cl
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Na +60to+70; K is -90mV, -70-90mV
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what is a neurotransmitter
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chemical messenger released from presynaptic membrane of the terminal bouton that binds to the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane and causes depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane
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what does the EPSP
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excitatory postsynaptic potentials causes depolarization whcih may or may not reach threshold
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what is temporal and spatial summation
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temporal is summing several ESPSs from one presynaptic neuron; spatial is summing several different presynaptic neurons
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what is IPSP
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inhibitory postsynaptic potentials cause hyperpolarization
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where is the signal generated
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axon hillock
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what is a motor unit
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a single neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
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what is the neuromusclar junction
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where the motor neuron meets the muscle fiber
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what happens in excitation-secretion coupling
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actoin potential arrives at terminal bouton, depolarization causes calcium influx from extracellular fluid which triggers a merging of vesicles with the membrane of the terminal bouton, the cell membrane vesicles rupture, releasing Ach into the synaptic cleft, Ach binds to Ach receptors on the motor end plate
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what is the motor end plate
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a pocket formed around the motor neuron by the sarcolemma
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how is the end-plate potential caused
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Ach is released from the motor neuron and causes depolarization of muscle fiber
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what controls the concentration of calcium within the muscle cell
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excitation-contraction coupling
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what is the mechanism for signal transduction between DHPR and RyR
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mechanical coupling; a charge movement within DHPR activates RyR via a direct physical interaction
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what is DHPR
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voltage sensor, L-type channel, heteromultimeric protein with 5 subunits in the t-tubule membrane
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what is the ryanodine receptor
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calcium release channel or junctional foot protein is a homotetramer rooted in the SR mebrane
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what is calsequestrin
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a high capacity calcium binding protein that helps hold Ca in the Sr even though the concentratoin of Ca is much higher in the SR
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what is the concentration of Ca
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in the SR (1.5-5mM), in the cytosol (0.1uM), and outside the cell (2.5mM)
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what did Burke study
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measured contractile speed and fatigability, FF, FR, and S
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what did Brooke and Kaiser study
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stained for myosin ATPase, I, IIa, and IIb
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what did Peter study
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stained for glycolytic enzyme, looking for ATPase and metabolic characteristics, FG, FOG, and SO
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what is histochemical staining for
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myosin ATPase
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what was the gel electrophoresis used for
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myosin isoforms
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what is immunohistochemical staining
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uses a selective antibody that binds to unique myosin proteins
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what is white to red shift
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shift from low myoglobin and low capillary density to highly oxidative
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why is the speed of shortening greater in fast fibers
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because SR releases calcium at a faster rate due to higher ATPase activity
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what is tetanus
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a sustained contraction
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what is summation of force
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when muscle is stimulated repeatedly before full relaxation
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