Final Flash Cards!

Front 1

PLEOTROPHY

Back 1

alleles at a single locus that may have effects of 2 or more traits

Front 2

MARFAN SYNDROME

Back 2

ex. of pleotrophy; mutation in a gene for fibrillin that affects skeleton, cardio. system, lungs, eyes, and skin.

Front 3

EPISTASIS

Back 3

interaction between products of gene pairs.
(allele frequency where it doesnt matter what gene is there, the shape remains the same.)

Front 4

CONTINUOUS VARIATION

Back 4

continuous range of small differences in a given trait among individuals.
-AKA Polygenic Traits - traits are affected at more than one loci. (hair color, eye color, and skin tone)
-more genes affected the more continuous the variation.

Front 5

Phenotypes are a combination of:

Back 5

getetics and environment

Front 6

Humans have __ pairs of auburosomes and __ pair(s) of sex chromosomes

Back 6

22, 1

Front 7

PEDIGREE

Back 7

Chart of genetic connections among individuals used to fallow traits in humans through generations and determine genotypes of individuals.

Front 8

Colorblindness and hemophilia are what type of traits

Back 8

X-linked

Front 9

AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE INHERITANCE

Back 9

2 recessive alleles must be present for that trait to be displayed.

Front 10

RECESSIVE DISORDERS

Back 10

disorders carried on recessive genes and the parents may be carriers.
ex. cystic fibrosis, sickle cell, and albinism

Front 11

DOMINANT DISORDERS

Back 11

disorders carried on dominant alleles. if you have one allele coding for a disease then you will get it.
ex. huntinton's disease and achindroplasia

Front 12

PROGERIA

Back 12

dominant disorder arises bc of a spontaneous mutation in which a person ages extremely fast; 19 being the oldest.

Front 13

ANEOPLOIDY

Back 13

Downs Syndrome; and extra chromosome where the 21st pair of homologous chromosomes is normally located.

Front 14

NONDISJUNCTION

Back 14

where chromosome pairs or sister chromosomes fail to separate - causes abnormal number of chromosomes in gametes

Front 15

KLEINFELTER SYNDROME

Back 15

XXY, usually sterile, feminine charectoristics

Front 16

Males with XXY

Back 16

Usually taller

Front 17

Females with XXY

Back 17

metafemales, limited fertility

Front 18

TURNER SYNDROME

Back 18

XO where the female is sterile, short stature, webbing of the neck.

Front 19

DNA is composed of

Back 19

Nucleotides

Front 20

Nucleotides are composed of

Back 20

a phosphate group, nitrogenous base, and 5 carbon sugar.

Front 21

DNA is composed of 4 bases. These bases are:

Back 21

Adenine, Guanine, thymine, and Cytosine.
A pairs with T
G pairs with C

Front 22

Structure of DNA:

Back 22

two polynucleotide strands wrapped around each other in a double helix.
-base pairs provide the steps of double helix
-phosphates and sugars provide the railings.

Front 23

In DNA replication each parent strand forms:

Back 23

a template

Front 24

Every DNA Strand half ___ and half ____.

Back 24

old and new

Front 25

Enzymes do what in DNA replication?

Back 25

unwind the two strands

Front 26

What happens with DNA while enzymes are in replication

Back 26

DNA Polymerase attaches complementary nucleotides and the DNA Ligase joins the fragments on the loagging strands.

Front 27

there is a continuous ________ strand that contains no breaks and falls the DNA unwinding and a discontinuous _________ strand.

Back 27

Leading, Lagging

Front 28

DNA replication occurs in a

Back 28

3 to 5 prime

Front 29

Instructions for how to build proteins are contained in

Back 29

DNA (in genes)

Front 30

Two Steps to produce all proteins:

Back 30

1. Transcription
2. Translation

Front 31

DNA is TRANSCRIBED to form

Back 31

RNA

Front 32

DNA TRANSCRIPTION occurs in

Back 32

the nucleus; then leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosome

Front 33

RNA is TRANSCRIBED to form

Back 33

polypeptide chains

Front 34

RNA TRANSCRIPTION occurs at the

Back 34

ribosome.

Front 35

polypeptide chains from transcription make up

Back 35

proteins

Front 36

mRNA

Back 36

carries protein building instructions from the nucleus to the ribosome

Front 37

tRNA

Back 37

delivers amino acids to the ribosome.

Front 38

RNA has ___ instead of ____

Back 38

Uracil instead of Thymine

Front 39

TRANSCRIPTION

Back 39

single strand of mRNA is formed from DNA template

Front 40

Codons

Back 40

Composed of three nucleotide bases found on the mRNA, the "triplets" of bases code for specific amino acids = genetic code.

Front 41

There are _____ different codons that code for amino acids.

Back 41

61; 3 are stop codons that terminate the amino acid chain.

Front 42

TRANSLATION

Back 42

when tRNA's attach to amino acids in the cytoplasm and bring them to the ribosome.

Front 43

tRNA have base triplets called:

Back 43

Anticodons

Front 44

mRNA have base triplets called:

Back 44

Codons

Front 45

Amino Acids are strung together to make

Back 45

Polypeptides that compose proteins

Front 46

What type of disease is Huntington's disease?

Back 46

Dominant Disorder

Front 47

GENE EXPRESSION

Back 47

the process through which genetic info flows from genes to proteins.
-Turned off and on by turning transcription off and on.

Front 48

CELLULAR DIFFERENTATION

Back 48

when cells become specialized in structure and function in the many divisions that lead from a unicellular zygote to a multicellular organism.

Front 49

structure and function of a cell is dictated by:

Back 49

the genes that are turned on in a cell

Front 50

ZYGOTE

Back 50

has one complete set of genes

Front 51

CLONE

Back 51

genetically identical copy
-in nature, aspen trees, strawberries

Front 52

Clones Created by Humans

Back 52

Dolly - cell taken from udder of one sheep and egg from another used but with nucleus removed(no dna). egg and udder cell fused by electical stimulus. Fused cell develops as embryo and in implanted into a surrogate mother.

Front 53

1952

Back 53

Frog Cloned from intestinal cell of tadpole

Front 54

1984

Back 54

first sheep cloned from differentiated cell

Front 55

1986

Back 55

first cattle cloned from differentiated cell.
-cattle can be cloned from a side of beef

Front 56

Embryonic Stem cells

Back 56

Give rise to all the specialized cells of the body

Front 57

THERAPUTIC CLONING

Back 57

transplant of nucleus from patients cells into developing embryonic stem cells and then harvest the stem cells at a very early age.
-can replace damaged tissue with new tissue

Front 58

REPRODUCTIVE CLONING

Back 58

exact genetic copy of human is made.
-ethical concerns

Front 59

Adult stem cells can give rise to

Back 59

differentiated cells.
-but they are harder to culture than embryonic; and give rise only to a limited range of cell types.

Front 60

ONCOGENE

Back 60

gene that causes cancer

Front 61

PROTO-ONCOGENE

Back 61

normal gene that can be converted to a oncogene

Front 62

What causes Proto-oncogenes to become oncogenes?

Back 62

Mutations in DNA

Front 63

TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES

Back 63

inhibit uncontrolled cell division

Front 64

CARCINOGENS

Back 64

cancer causing agents
-aka mutagens
-can cause changes in DNA

Front 65

OB GENE

Back 65

codes for Leptin which controlls obesity, cut from mouse; worth $20 mil.

Front 66

RESTRICTION ENZYMES

Back 66

found in bacteria and are used to cut DNA in invading viruses.