Final Exam Sociology

Front 1

total fertility rate

Back 1

avg number of birth

Front 2

aging population

Back 2

a population where the percentage of age 65+ is increasing relative to other age groups

Front 3

family

Back 3

social institution that binds people together through blood, marriage, law, and social norms.

Front 4

ideal

Back 4

standard against which real cases can be compared

Front 5

life chances

Back 5

set of potential social advantages

Front 6

example of life chances

Back 6

-living past 1st year of life
-living independently

Front 7

secure parental employment

Back 7

situation where at least one parent is fully-time employed

Front 8

how many hours is considered to be a full time employment?

Back 8

35+ hours for 50 wks

Front 9

reproductive work

Back 9

work involving bearing children, care giving, managing households, and educating children.

Front 10

exogamy

Back 10

choose partner from a social category other than their own.

Front 11

endogamy

Back 11

norms encouraging people to choose a partner from same social category as their own.

Front 12

low-technology tribal societies

Back 12

hunting and gathering societies w/ technologies that do not permit the creation of surplus wealth

Front 13

surplus wealth

Back 13

wealth beyond what is needed to meet basic human needs, such as food and shelter.

Front 14

fortified households

Back 14

PREINDUSTRIAL arrangements where people are armed and have a "military commander" but is served by underpriviledged.

Front 15

advanced market economies

Back 15

offering of employment opportunities for women

Front 16

caregiver burden

Back 16

time where caregivers believe their emotional balance, physical health,, social life, financial status suffer b/c of caregiver role

Front 17

social change

Back 17

significant alteration, modification, or transformation in the organization and operation of social life.

Front 18

tipping points

Back 18

situations in which a previously rare event, response, or opinion becomes dramatically more common

Front 19

globalization

Back 19

ever-increasing flow of goods, services, money, people, and culture across political and national borders

Front 20

rationalization

Back 20

process whereby a person uses logic and/or reason to come to a conclusion

Front 21

planned obsolescence

Back 21

profit making strategy that involves producing goods that are disposable after single use.

Front 22

McDonaldization

Back 22

process where principles governing the fast-food industry come to dominate other sectors of other american economy, society & world

Front 23

urbanization

Back 23

social change where people move from rural to urban areas

Front 24

information explosion

Back 24

increase in amount of stored and transmitted data and messages in all media

Front 25

dearth of feedback

Back 25

where info from media is not honest, constructive criticism, b/c audience that exists evaluate info before used

Front 26

innovation

Back 26

invention or discovery of something such as new idea, process, practice, device or tool

Front 27

basic innovation

Back 27

inventions or discoveries that form basis for a wide range of applications

Front 28

improving innovations

Back 28

modifications of basic inventions that improve upon the originals

Front 29

cultural base

Back 29

# of existing innovations which forms the basis for further inventions

Front 30

invention

Back 30

synthesis of existing innovations

Front 31

simultaneous-independent inventions

Back 31

situations where more or less same invention is produced by 2+ persons working independently of one another at about the same time

Front 32

adaptive culture

Back 32

portion of nonmaterial culture that adjusts to material innovations

Front 33

nonmaterial culture

Back 33

norms, values, and beliefs

Front 34

cultural lag

Back 34

situation in which adaptive culture fails to adjust in necessary ways to material innovation

Front 35

technological determinist

Back 35

person who believes human beings have no free will and are controlled by their material innovations

Front 36

paradigms

Back 36

dominant and widely accepted theories and concepts in a particular field of study

Front 37

anomaly

Back 37

observation that a paradigm cannot explain

Front 38

social movement

Back 38

a situation where substantial# of people organize to make a change, resist a change, or undo a change in some area of society

Front 39

regressive or reactionary movements

Back 39

social movements that seek to turn back the hands of time to an earlier condition or state of being AKA golden-era

Front 40

reformist movements

Back 40

social movements that target a specific feature of society as needing change.

Front 41

revolutionary movements

Back 41

social movements that seek broad, sweeping, and radical structural changes to a society's basic social institutions or the world's order

Front 42

counterrevolutionary movements

Back 42

social movements that seek to maintain a social order that reformist and revolutionary movements are seeking to change

Front 43

objective deprivation

Back 43

the condition of the people who are the worst off or most disadvantaged

Front 44

relative deprivation

Back 44

social condition that is measured not by objective standard, but by comparing group's situation w/ situations of groups who are more advantaged.

Front 45

2 examples of objective deprivation

Back 45

low income least education

Front 46

resource mobilization

Back 46

situation where core group of sophisticated strategists work to develop an organizational structure

Front 47

what 2 resources mobilization occurs through?

Back 47

news media attention, money supporters

Front 48

terrorism

Back 48

systematic use of anxiety-inspiring violent acts by clandestine or semi clandestine individuals

Front 49

kinship

Back 49

related by blood, marriage or adoptoin

Front 50

membership

Back 50

who can be accounted as family

Front 51

legal recognition

Back 51

recognizes the benefits, rights and responsibilities of family members that are enforced by law

Front 52

five functions family serves

Back 52

-regulating sexual behavior
-replacing members of society who die
-socializing the young
-providing care and emotional support
-conferring social status

Front 53

conflict theory on family

Back 53

interests may overpower others causing not everyone in the family to benefit

Front 54

reasons of social institution

Back 54

-production
-socialization
-reproduction
-families contain social inequalities

Front 55

productive work

Back 55

work that involves production of means of existence of food, clothing and shelter and tools necessary for production

Front 56

exogamy

Back 56

w/o group (outside racial group)

Front 57

endogamy

Back 57

marrying w/in a group

Front 58

polygamy

Back 58

multiply spouse @ once

Front 59

polygyny

Back 59

man takes more than 1 women

Front 60

polyandry

Back 60

women takes more than 1 man

Front 61

serial monogamy

Back 61

two or more successive spouses

Front 62

symbolic approach to family

Back 62

families are not always harmonious
-competing interests
-messo: culture: individualistic
-power differentiation

Front 63

gender polarization

Back 63

everything a person does that is sex influenced

Front 64

2 example of gender polarization

Back 64

putting makeup, how early getting up before going some place

Front 65

sociological imagination

Back 65

connecting historical events to individual's life

Front 66

Looking-glass self

Back 66

A process in which a sense of self develops, enabling one to see oneself reflected in others' real or imagined reactions to one's appearance and behaviors.

Front 67

Agents of socialization

Back 67

institutions that
(1) shape our sense of self,
(2) teach us about the groups to which we belong to/ don't
(3) help us realize our human capacities
(4) help us negotiate the social and physical environment we have inherited.

Front 68

Resocialization

Back 68

discarding values and replacing them with new

Front 69

define: social stratification

Back 69

process of ranking people on scale of social worth, affecting life chances

Front 70

Ingroup

Back 70

A group with which people feel closely attached, particularly when that attachment is founded on hatred or opposition toward an outgroup.

Front 71

define: division of labor

Back 71

work that is broken down into different tasks generally around the world.

Front 72

assimilation

Back 72

a process which ethnic or racial distinctions b/w groups disappear b/c one group is into another group's culture or two cultures blend to form new culture

Front 73

define: melting pot assimilation

Back 73

cultural blending in which groups accept new behaviors & values from one another producing a new culture.

Front 74

absorption assimilation

Back 74

process by where minorities adapt to the dominant culture

Front 75

culture

Back 75

way of life of people

Front 76

society

Back 76

group of interacting people who share culture

Front 77

Re-entry shock

Back 77

Culture shock in reverse; it is experienced upon returning home after living in another culture.

Front 78

Ethnocentrism

Back 78

A viewpoint that uses one culture, usually the home culture, as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways.

Front 79

Cultural genocide

Back 79

An extreme form of ethnocentrism where it is so intolerable that they attempt to destroy it.

Front 80

Reverse ethnocentrism

Back 80

A type of ethnocentrism in which the home culture is regarded as inferior to a foreign culture.

Front 81

Cultural relativism

Back 81

a foreign culture should not be judged by the standards of a home culture and that a behavior or way of thinking must be examined in its cultural context.

Front 82

Subcultures

Back 82

Groups that share in some parts of the dominant culture but have their own distinctive values, norms, beliefs, symbols, language, or material culture

Front 83

Institutionally complete subcultures

Back 83

Subcultures whose members do not interact with anyone outside their subculture to shop for food, attend school, receive medical care, or find companionship, because the subculture satisfies these needs.

Front 84

Countercultures

Back 84

Subcultures that opposes to the larger culture.

Front 85

function

Back 85

allows society to be in order and have stability

Front 86

manifest functions

Back 86

intended for stability and order for society

Front 87

latent functions

Back 87

unintended stability and order for society

Front 88

dysfunctions

Back 88

disrupted consequences for order and stability in society

Front 89

manifest dysfunctions

Back 89

anticipated disruptions to order and stability

Front 90

what triggers specific social change?

Back 90

innovation

Front 91

social movement can fit into 4 categories

Back 91

regressive
reformist
revolutionary
counterrevolutionary

Front 92

what percent of caregivers are women?

Back 92

61%

Front 93

define: ethgender

Back 93

social category that combines sex, gender, race, & ethnicity

Front 94

3 example of ascribed statuses

Back 94

race, national origin, sex

Front 95

Biological view on race

Back 95

No true 'biological race', race is only defined by the government. Children have the race of one of their parents

Front 96

Race of child if both parents are white?

Back 96

White

Front 97

Race of child if one parent is not white?

Back 97

Race of the non-white parent

Front 98

Race of child if neither parent are white?

Back 98

Pre 1989 - Father
Post 1989 - Mother

Front 99

Race of child if race of only one parent is known?

Back 99

Race of known parent.

Front 100

Interrelated factors that determine racial and ethnic group?

Back 100

Chance, context and choice.

Front 101

weakness of symbolic interaction

Back 101

b/c micro level, specific research/observations are difficult to generalize.

Front 102

people occupy ___________ and perform _______

Back 102

1. statuses
2. roles

Front 103

define: role

Back 103

behavior and obligations expected of a social status in relation to another social status

Front 104

define: role obligations

Back 104

relationship & behavior a person must assume towards social status

Front 105

2 example of role

Back 105

1. patient and physician
2. professor to student

Front 106

define: right

Back 106

a behavior that one assuming a role can demand or expect from another.

Front 107

define: role strain

Back 107

predicament where social role of a person is contradiction expectations

Front 108

define: role conflict

Back 108

predicament where 2+ roles contradict w/ one another

Front 109

example of role conflict

Back 109

women -> sick
should she take medicine? (to get better)
medicine -> will affect health of baby

Front 110

define: dramaturgical model

Back 110

model where social interaction is viewed as if it were a theater, people as the actors, & roles as performances in setting

Front 111

define: caste system

Back 111

system where people are ranked basis of ascribed characteristics

Front 112

define: class system

Back 112

system where people are based on achieved characteristics

Front 113

define: vertical mobility

Back 113

change in social class that corresponds to a gain or loss in rank

Front 114

define: downward mobility

Back 114

a form of vertical mobility where person moves down rank

Front 115

define: upward mobillity

Back 115

form of vertical mobility where person moves up rank

Front 116

define: intragenerational mobility

Back 116

form of vertical mobiity in which a person moves upward or downward in rank in lifetime

Front 117

define: intergenerational mobility

Back 117

form of vertical mobility where person moves upward or downward in rank of 2+ generations

Front 118

Name the 3 examples of US class systems

Back 118

1. Declaration of Independence
2. Constitution
3. Bill of Rights

Front 119

Functionalist maintain poverty exists b/c

Back 119

contribution of ORDER and STABILITY in society

Front 120

Race

Back 120

A group of people who have a common history, ancestry and physical features

Front 121

Ethnicity

Back 121

People who share (or think/told they share) a common ancestry, place of birth, social or physical traits.

Front 122

define: prejudice

Back 122

unfavorable judgment about an outgroup and applies to anyone in that group

Front 123

define: discrimination

Back 123

intentional or unintential unequal treatments of people b/c of attributes, denying goals

Front 124

define: primary sex characteristics

Back 124

traits essential to reproduction

Front 125

define: sex

Back 125

biological concept based on primary sex characteristics

Front 126

define: intersexed

Back 126

people w/ some mixture of male and female biological characteristics

Front 127

define: transsexuals

Back 127

the primary sex characteristics not matching the sex they perceive themselves to be

Front 128

define: secondary sex characteristics

Back 128

physical traits not essential to reproduction.

Front 129

3 example of secondary sex characteristics

Back 129

breasts, voice, facial hair

Front 130

define: sexism

Back 130

belief that one sex is superior to another

Front 131

define: gender

Back 131

social distinction of appearance, behavior mental and emotional characteristics for men and women

Front 132

2 example of gender polarization

Back 132

putting makeup, how early getting up before going some place

Front 133

example of caste system

Back 133

1. India: Dalits- low Brahmins- top
2. Africa - apartheid

Front 134

capitalism

Back 134

economic system designed to make profit. Unpaid labor of the workers.

Front 135

migration

Back 135

movement of people from one residence to another

Front 136

deviance

Back 136

behavior or appearance that is outside of norms of group

Front 137

define: core economies

Back 137

wealthiest highest economy

Front 138

example of core economy

Back 138

US, Canada, UK

Front 139

define: peripheral economies

Back 139

economies that rely on commodities like coffee, peanuts.

Front 140

examples of peripheral economies

Back 140

Vietnam

Front 141

define: semi peripheral economies

Back 141

moderately wealthy but have extreme inequality.

Front 142

Example of semi peripheral economies

Back 142

United Arab Emirates

Front 143

level of dependency in economy

Back 143

core -> semi-peripheral-> peripheral

Front 144

define: status set

Back 144

all statuses an individual assumes

Front 145

define: social status

Back 145

a position in social structure

Front 146

3 example of ascribed statuses

Back 146

race, national origin, sex

Front 147

some misconceptions of "achieved statuses" when it is ascribed (3)

Back 147

1. going thru a sex change
2. lightening skin
3. hiring plastic surgeon

Front 148

define: achieved statuses

Back 148

status obtained through work and effort

Front 149

examples of achieved statuses (2)

Back 149

martial & education attainment

Front 150

define: master status

Back 150

status that takes over all other possible statuses

Front 151

3 examples of master status

Back 151

1. unemployed
2. retired
3. homosexual

Front 152

define: status value

Back 152

those who have a certain characteristic are more valuable than those who possess other characteristics

Front 153

example of status value

Back 153

1. white skin vs brown skin
2. low vs high income
3. blond vs. dark hair

Front 154

define: status group

Back 154

people held together by lifestyle and expected level of esteem which other people hold them

Front 155

conflict theorist level

Back 155

macro

Front 156

conflict theorist

Back 156

emphasizes conflict and social change that occur b/c of competition for power and resources

Front 157

material culture

Back 157

objects or things that "communicate" culture to us

Front 158

example of material culture

Back 158

flag, football

Front 159

non material culture

Back 159

attitudes, values, beliefs that communicate culture to us

Front 160

example of non material culture

Back 160

"argot" used by certain subcultures

Front 161

functionalism level

Back 161

macro

Front 162

functionalism emphasizes

Back 162

stability and social consensus

Front 163

symbolic interaction level

Back 163

micro

Front 164

symbolic interaction

Back 164

focuses upon symbols and use of language as basis of communication in human society

Front 165

altruistic

Back 165

very strong ties w/ society, (suicide)

Front 166

anomic

Back 166

loss of norms

Front 167

Egoisitic

Back 167

too concerned w/ themselves doesn't go w/ society

Front 168

fatalistic

Back 168

social control so high loss of agency

Front 169

example of fatalistic

Back 169

holocaust

Front 170

suicide bomber

Back 170

example of altruistic

Front 171

unemployment

Back 171

example of anomic

Front 172

breadwinner system

Back 172

-industrial revolution separates workplace frm home.

Front 173

boomerang kids

Back 173

US- graduated college, live w/ parents

Front 174

possibility for boomerang kids

Back 174

economy

Front 175

parasites singles

Back 175

japan- adult live at home but contribute to little rent, but spends $ on name brands

Front 176

adolescence

Back 176

transitional stage of develpment frm childhood to adulthood

Front 177

adolescence age in US

Back 177

12-18

Front 178

teenage brain

Back 178

develpment in prefrontal cortex
causing higher order and complex thinking

Front 179

circadian clock

Back 179

body clock for adolescents

Front 180

generation gap

Back 180

differences b/w members of separate generations (intergenerations)

Front 181

3 fundamental shifts (changes to family life)

Back 181

• Economic system
• Parental authority
• Status of children and life expectancy

Front 182

mechanization

Back 182

addition of external sources of power for mode of transportation

Front 183

2 ex of mechanization

Back 183

oil, coal

Front 184

4 examples of how families perpetuates w/in social inequalities

Back 184

-wealth
-property
-power
-social esteem

Front 185

are social inequalities passed intragenerations or intergenerations?

Back 185

intergenerations

Front 186

what kind of economy do we live in today?

Back 186

service economy

Front 187

what is a service economy?

Back 187

manufacturing

Front 188

in 1968 how many mcdonalds were there?

Back 188

1000

Front 189

in 2002 how many mcdonalds were there?

Back 189

30,000

Front 190

what are the four elements of rationalizaton?

Back 190

-efficiency
-calculability
-predictability
-control

Front 191

define rationalization

Back 191

finding the optimal means to the desired end

Front 192

example of rationalization

Back 192

turning customers into workers

Front 193

3 specific examples turning customers into workers

Back 193

-self check out
-atm
-throwing away trash

Front 194

motto of calculability

Back 194

quantity = quality

Front 195

predictability

Back 195

establishing regular patterns

Front 196

example of predictability

Back 196

not having a certain store in mall

Front 197

control

Back 197

process by removing human labor w/ non human technology