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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who Founded Structuralism
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James Wundt
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Wundt was influenced by
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The periodic table of elements
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Who founded functionalism?
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William James
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Structuralism
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attempted to break conscious experiences into sensation such as sight, taste, and feeling such as emotional responses
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Functionalism
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The focus should be on behavior as well as the mind and conscious, adaptive behaviors are learned and maintained
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William James was influenced by?
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Charles Darwin
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Who founded behaviorism
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Watson, the founded of american behaviorism
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Behaviorism
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focuses on learning observable behavior, to be a science, psychology had to limit itself to observable, measurable events
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Pure Research
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Research for its own sake
no immediate application |
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Applied Research
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Designed to find solution to specific personal or social problems
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Ethics of Research w/ Humans
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Informed consent: individuals have to give consent before they can participate in research, confidedntiality kept
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Explicit Memory also known as
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declarative memory
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Implicit Memory also known as
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non declarative memory
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Implicit Memory
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memory of how to do something, mental and physical
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Explicit Memory
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memory for specific information, maybe episodic or semantic
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Short Term Memory
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also known as the working memory
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Short Term Memory
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rehearsal is needed to retain info, an image in stm lasts 10-12 seconds
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stm: Chunking
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we can comfortably store seven bits of info, plus or minus one or two
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Long Term Memory
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Desribes as vast storehouse of info, info can be kept in LTM permanently
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Capacity of LTM
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LTM is unlimited, info in LTM can endure for a lifetime, info can be lost, but not destroyed or deleted
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Thinking is?
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Conscious and planned
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Prototypes:
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examples that best match the essential features of categories
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Simple Prototypes are taught by exemplars
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include positive instances as well as negative instances
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Algorithms
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Specific procedures for solving a type of problem, invariabley led to a solution
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Heuristic Devices
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Rules of a thumb that help us simplify and solve problems, permit more rapid solutions, do not guarantee da correct solution to a problem
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Heuristic Devices
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we make judments about samples according to the populations that they appear to represent
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Availiablity Heuristic
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used for estimating the probability of an event happening, based on how easy it is to find examples of relevant events
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Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic
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there can be a good deal of intertia in our estimates
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Anchor
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our initial view or presumption
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Adjustment
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made after we gain additional information
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Gigerenzer et al.
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Hueristics aren't suboptimal
they're adaptive less time less info needed less effort we evolved them because they work |
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The Framing Effect
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the context in which info is presented can influence decision making
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The Framing Effect ex.
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Tversky and Kahneman
600 people dying of a rare disese Treatment A: 200 people will survive Treatment B: 33% chance that all survive and a 67% chance that none survive |
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True Language Has:
Semanticity |
Its sounds have meaning
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Infinite Creativity:
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The capacity to create rather than imitate sentences
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Displacement:
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the capacity to communicate info about events and objects in another time or place
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Overegularization
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the tendency to regularlize the irregular
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example of overregularization
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grammatical rules for forming the past tense (d and ed) and plurals (s or z sound)
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not faulty language development
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Reflects knowledge of grammar
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Our vocab expands to ten thousand words by the age of
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by 7-9, most of us realize that words can have more than one meaning
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Learning Theory
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Language develops according to imitation and reinforcement, parents serve as models, observation and imitation
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Learning Theory can't account for:
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The unchanging sequence of language development, the spurts in childrens language acquisition
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Psycholinguistic Theory
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Language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences, exposure to parental speech and reinforcement
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Language Acquisition device
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Proposed by chomsky, inborn tendency that prepares the nervous systems to learn grammy
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universal grammar:
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an underlying set of rules for turning ideas into sentences
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Theories of intelligence:
Factor theories: |
use factor analysis, claim intelligence is made up of a number of mental abilities
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Spearman
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Factor "g"
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Factor "g"
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general intelligence, broad reasoning and problem solving skills
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"s" factors
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"specific abilities", reflects people's relative superiority in some areas
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Factor Theories:
Thurstone |
Suggested eight primary mental abilities insteads of just "g", each governs other specific abilities
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Gardner
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Different kinds of intelligences, each intelligence with its neurological base in a different area of the brain
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Critics
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are special talents really are intelligences?
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Sternberg
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Three types of intelligence
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Analytical
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what we generally think of an academic ability
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The stanford-Binet intelligence scale
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Binet-simon scale created in 1905, used to identify children in the french public school system unlikely to benefit from regular classroom instruction,
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The stanford-Binet yielded the mental age
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indicates that intellectual level at which the child is functioning, was adapted by terman at stanford university
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The Wechsler Scales
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A series of sclaes where each subtest measures a different intellectual task
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These scales can be grouped into:
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Verbal tasks:, performance tasks:
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Gardner
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Different kinds of intelligences, each intelligence with its neurological base in a different area of the brain
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Verbal tasks:
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require knowledge of verbal
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Critics
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are special talents really are intelligences?
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Performance tasks:
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require familarity with spatial- relations concepts
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Sternberg
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Three types of intelligence
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Analytical
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what we generally think of an academic ability
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The stanford-Binet intelligence scale
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Binet-simon scale created in 1905, used to identify children in the french public school system unlikely to benefit from regular classroom instruction,
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The stanford-Binet yielded the mental age
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indicates that intellectual level at which the child is functioning, was adapted by terman at stanford university
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Gardner
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Different kinds of intelligences, each intelligence with its neurological base in a different area of the brain
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The Wechsler Scales
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A series of sclaes where each subtest measures a different intellectual task
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Critics
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are special talents really are intelligences?
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These scales can be grouped into:
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Verbal tasks:, performance tasks:
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Sternberg
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Three types of intelligence
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Verbal tasks:
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require knowledge of verbal
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Analytical
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what we generally think of an academic ability
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Performance tasks:
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require familarity with spatial- relations concepts
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The stanford-Binet intelligence scale
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Binet-simon scale created in 1905, used to identify children in the french public school system unlikely to benefit from regular classroom instruction,
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The stanford-Binet yielded the mental age
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indicates that intellectual level at which the child is functioning, was adapted by terman at stanford university
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The Wechsler Scales
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A series of sclaes where each subtest measures a different intellectual task
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These scales can be grouped into:
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Verbal tasks:, performance tasks:
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Verbal tasks:
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require knowledge of verbal
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Performance tasks:
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require familarity with spatial- relations concepts
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Deviation IQ
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IQ based on how a person's answers compared with those atttained by people in the same age group
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The wechsler Scales
Deviation IQ |
average score = 100
middle 5% = range of go to 100, only 4% of the population have an IQ score |
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Most Psychologists belief
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Ethnic differences reflect attitudes toward education
not inborn racial differences explanation for the superior performance of some ethnic groups parental encouragement and supervision peer support for academic achievment |
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Gender Differences
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girls somewhat superior to boys inverbal ability, boys seem to do what somewhat better at manipulating visual images in working memory
males generally obtain higher scores on math tests |
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Research includes:
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kinship studies, twin studies
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adoptee studies
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iq scoresof indentical twins more alike than scores for any other pairs, studies generally suggest between 40% - 60% heritability of intelligence
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Flynn Effect
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iq scores in the western world increased substantially between 1947 and 2002
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Cant just be changes in the genetic code
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couldn't have changed enough in that time
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attributed to social and cultural factors
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an improved educational system, mass media
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