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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Peripheral Nervous System
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composed of motor and sensory nerves and ganglia, carries information to and from CNS
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Autonomic Nervous System
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regulates the internal environment over which a person has no voluntary control
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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prods the body into action during times of physiologic and psychologic distress
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Blood supply to the brain
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2 internal carotid arteries, 2 vertebral arteries, basilar artery
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Blood drains from the brain
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through venus sinuses that empty into jugular veins
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3 units of brain
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cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
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Frontal lobe
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motor cortex, voluntary skeletal movement and speech formation
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parietal lobe
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tactile-pressure, pain, size, texture, 2 point discrimination
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limbic system
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mediates pattern of behaviors that determine survival
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Cerrebellum
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controls muscle tone, equilibrium and posture
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Brainstem
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pathway between cerebral cortex and spinal cord.
controls involuntary functions |
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Ascending track of spinal cord
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sensation especially complex discrimination
type of stimulus and location |
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Pyramidial track
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carries impulses for voluntary movement, requiring skill
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Spinothalmic tracks
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carry fibers for sensation of light and crude touch, pressure, temperature and pain
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Ventral root
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motor fibers carry impulses from spinal cord to muscles and glands
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Dorsal root
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sensory fibers which tramsmit sensory impulses from the body to spinal cord are then carried to brain for interpretation
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Alternative impulse
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reflex action
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Brain Growth in Children
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most brain growth occurs in the first year
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Myelinization of brain and nervous system
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occurs in the first year
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Newborns are born with primitive and enduring reflexes
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yawn, hiccup, sneeze, blink at bright light and loud sound, pupillary constriction and painful stimuli
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motor maturation proceeds in cephalocaudal direction
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1.head and trunk
2.trunk and extremities |
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Neuro ABCT
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appearance, behavior, cognition, thought processes
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Analogies
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inabilities in these areas indicate lesions in left or dominant cerebral hemisphere
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execution of motor skills
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inabilities indicate apraxia which is cerebral disorder.
not able to put on lipstick or get card out of wallet |
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dysarthria
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defect in articulation and is caused by motor deficit of lips, tongue, palate or pharynx
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aphasia
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omission or addition of letters, syllables, words or the misuse of words
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CN 1
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olfactory
sense of smell |
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CN 2
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optic
visual acuity near and far |
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CN 3,4,5
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PERRLA, extra occular movements
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CN 5
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trigeminal
sensory to pain, clench masseter muscle |
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CN 7
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facial
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CN 8
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vestibocochlear
webber, whisper, rhine |
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CN 9, 10
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gag reflex, say AHHH
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CN 11
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spinal accessory
shoulder shrug and turn head against resistance |
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CN 12
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hypoglossal
push tongue against inside of cheek |
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abdominal reflex
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stroke around umbilicus, should see muscle move toward umbilius
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plantar reflex
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toes should plantar flex
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Infant smile at examiner
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occurs at 2-3 months
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Infant paterllar reflex
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present at birth
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achilles and brachioradial reflex
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appear at six months
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Landmarks of the breast
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2nd to 3rd rib, sternal borders to midaxillary line
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Composition of breast
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glandular and fibrous tissue, subcutaneous and retro mammary fat
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Lobules
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composed of milk producing acini cells that empty into lactiferous ducts
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Coopers (suspensory) ligaments
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extend through connective tissue layer through breast and attach to underlying muscle fascia
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thelarche
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early sign of puberty in girls, beginning of breast development
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Effects of aging on breasts
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suspensory ligaments relax, mammary ridge thickens, breast hangs more loosley
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infant breast
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male and female enlarged at birth, if squeezed gently, clear fluid called witches milk
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Function of the penis
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to excrete end products of renal metabolism and to ejaculate sperm into the vagina
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Two Corpus Cavernosa
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dorsum and the sides of the penis
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Corpus spongiosu
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glans penis, urethra is embodied
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Prepuce
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foreskin, covers the glands
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Smegma
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cheesy,white forms from epithelial cells from the prepuce and sebaceous material from the glans
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Sac
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contains testis, epididymis, spermatic cord and muscle layer
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Testes produce
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spermatozoa and testosterone
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Epididymides
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soft comma shaped structure located on posterior lateral upper aspect of testes, stores sperm for maturation
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Vas deferens
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begins at the tail of epididymides and travels up the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal to the seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
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Prostate gland
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size of testis, surrounds urethra at the bladder neck. produces ejaculatory fluid which contains fibinolysin
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Sexual physiology
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under control of ANS
20 to 50 ml of blood engorge corpus cavernosa |
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Erection
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neurovascular reflex induced by psychogenic and local reflex mechanisms
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Male genital formation in third trimester
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testes descend into the inguinal canal
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Hair distribution on penis
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narrowing midline pattern to umbilicus, back to anus, scant on scrotum and not present on penis
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Urinary meatus
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midline, slit find mms from tip of glans
hypospadias, epispadias |
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Shaft of penis
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nontender, smooth, semi firm consistency
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Testes
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palpate with thumb and first two fingers, should be smooth, rubbery and non-nodular
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Examination of Infants: Penis
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anomalies, ambiguous genitalia, incomplete development, placement of urethra
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Stream of urine in uncircumsized baby
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should arc over symphysis pubis
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pilonidal cyst in infants
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tufts of hair at base of spine, openings in the spine, look for signs of sexual abuse
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Vulva
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encompasses mon pubis, labia minora and majora, clitoris, vestibular glands, vaginal vestuble and vaginal orifice, urethra
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mons pubis
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pad of adipose tissue covering symphysis pubis
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labia minora
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inside labia majora, hairless, flat, reddish
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Number of openings in female vagina
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six: two skenes glands, two bartholins glands
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uterus
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sits between the rectum and bladder.
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