Final Exam Intro Judaism Phil

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Pumbedita and Sura

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Towns close to Baghdad, places where rabbis studied and produced literature; evolved into the Yeshivot

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Yeshivot

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Major bureaucratic institutions of higher leraning and rabbinic authority in the Gaonic period, headed by a Gaon

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Exilarch

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leader of world Jewry

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Cairo Genizah

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a burial mound in the Ben Ezra synagogue that houses texts as early as 10th century CE

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Anan ben David

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Leader of movement against the dominant rabbis of the Yeshivot, wanted a return to the Torah, wanted a final ruling and not ambiguity

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Karaites

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intellectual rebellion against the Gaonic leadership

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Kalam

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conversation that attempted to make philosophical truth cohere with religious truth

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Mu'tazila

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theological school that stresses God's unity, the agreement of free will with divine predestination

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Se'adiyah Gaon

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Gaon in Sura, wrote Book of Belief and Opinions, heavily influenced by Mu'tazilite thought; wrote in ARABIC

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al-Andalus, Spain

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seat of new Umayyad empire in Spain

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Golden Age poetry

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Celebrates Hebrew, draws heavily on Arabic tradition; sacred poetry, love poems, drinking poems

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Hasdai ibn Shaprut

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courtier to caliph, becomes patron to poets

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Samuel ibn Nagrela

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Granada, advisor to caliph, became de facto ruler of part of the Ummayad empire; son died in uprising against the Jews

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Almohads

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end golden age in spain in 1147 CE

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Judah Halevi

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Intellectual, made way to Israel after exile, wrote the Book of the Quzari; unique b/c he wants to go from Spain to Israel

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Book of the Quzari

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imagined conversation between Jewish, Christian, and Muslim theologians, and the King of the Qazars

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Maimonides

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Born in Cordoba, moves to Fez and then Cairo; wrote Introduction to the Terminology of Logic, the Mishneh Torah, and the Guide to the Perplexed

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Mishneh Torah

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Code, reorganization of Jewish law into 14 section, no differences of opinion, no aggadah; met with considerable resistance

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Guide to the Perplexed

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Fusion of Aristotelian philosophy with Jewish sources

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Gersonides

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Thought that Maimonides was an apologist, not radical enough in abandoning traditional Judaism

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Rabbenu Gershom

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bans polygny, requires women's consent in divorce issues, forbids the opening of someone else's mail, and formalizes the Ma'arufia

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Ma'arufia

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Monopolistic trade arrangment that Jews developed with their non-Jewish cliental so that they didn't destroy each other through competition

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Bishop Rudiger of Speyer

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Promises protection for Jews in exchange for economic benefits, first actual charter that we have

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The Charters

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issued first by Charlemagne and Louis the Pious, inviting individual Jews to come and settle within the empire

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Augustine of Hippo

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3 reasons for why Jews shouldnt be persecuted: 1. Needed to be there to convert at 2nd coming, as had been foretold; 2. Studied the bible, so were witnesses to true Christian belief even if they didn't accept it; 3. Diaspora was a punishment for the rejection of Christ.

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Adversus Iudaeous

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"Against the Jews." Genre of Christian literature produced by intellectual attacking Jews and Judaism.

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Gospel of Matthew

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Written in Hebrew, provides the most extreme and anti-Semitic account of Christ's death in the Passion story

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Nostra Aetate:

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"In our Time," 1965, edict by Vatican II disavowing the passion story of Matthew

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Johann Fichte

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Important during the question on Jewish Rights, claims that Jews are a state within a state and thus can't assimilate or show true loyalty

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Kant/Hegel

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Important during the question on Jewish rights, claim that Jews must give up Judaism to gain rights

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Protocols of the Elders of Zion

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fake documents that allegedly reflect Jewish world conspiracy, originally from Czarist Russia

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Chariot mysticism

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Mysticism that speculates about God's chariot and the way up into heaven

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Throne nysticism

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Mysticism that concerns itself with Isaiah and Daniel's images of heaven

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Metatron

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guard of the final gate in the ascent to heaven, derived from Zoroastrian theology

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Sefer Yetsirah

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"Book of Creation," says that different combination of Hebrew letters have the power of creation, discusses the Sefirot

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Sefirot

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enumerations/emanations, not deities themselves, but aspects of divinity and attributes of God, also can mediate access to God

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Abraham ben David (Rabad)

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Glossed M's Mishneh Torah, one of the first Kabbalah thinkers

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Rabbi Isaac the Blind

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Engaged in mystical speculation, taught many students

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Nachmanides

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Popularized Kabbalah through his writings, said that the Torah was a random jumbling of the names of God

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Shekhinah

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the closest of the sefirot to Earth, is female, and direct access to God goes through this point

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1390

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political authorities in Spain who had been keeping the religious forces at bay all die (king and archbishop), opening the doors for persecution

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Conversos

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Jews in Spain who were forced to convert; don't have the same social privileges as old Christians though

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Surgun

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Philosophy of relocation practiced in the Ottoman empire that effectively spread the Jews throughout the empire and created relatively significant population centers in certain cities

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Dona Gracia Nasi

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Fled Portugal and Venice to avoid Inquisition, major benefactor of the Jews, organized boycotts of Italian ports to protest Jewish persecutions

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Joseph Karo

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Part of Safed Mysticism, wrote Shulhan Arukh (around 1520)

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Shulhan Arukh

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Written by Joseph Karo, a code of Jewish law, more organized than M., open to greater plurality and diversity than M

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Semikhah Controversy

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occurred in Safed, Karo wanted to reconstitute the high court but couldnt

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Isaac Luria (AriZal)

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Developed the idea of Tikkun Olam: social justice; talked about the Sefirot as being shattered vessels; humans have to fix God

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Tikkun Olam

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doing religious things and practices, and each practice is conceptualized as being restorative to the divine

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Shabbetai Zevi

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Publicly violated Jewish law in youth, traveled, became mystic, returned as self-proclaimed Messiah, imprisoned by Ottomans and converts in 1666 to Islam

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Nathan of Gaza

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Promotes Shabbetai Zevi to rabbis, gets him following, continues to preach that he is the messiah even after conversion and death

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Donmeh

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a group of Sabbateans who converted to Islam to follow Shabbetai Zevi, but who still practiced Judaism in secret

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Isaiah Horowitz

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Wrote Shnei Luhot Haberit, a popularization of kabbalah through religious practices

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Baalei Shem

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Shamans, local religious leaders who dont have international recognition but who draw authority from their ability to heal and perform magic; leaders of Hasadism

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Ba'al Shem Tov (besht)

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Real name: Israel ben Eliezer, as a shaman, NOT an erudite scholar, but a leader of the new Hasidic community

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Niggun

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melody without words, important in Hasidism because then both scholars and commoners can appreciate and connect with the music

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Tzaddik/Rebbe

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New leader and authority within Hasidism, replaces the shamans by providing another means of mystical access

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Misnagdim

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response movement to Hasidism, was more traditional, controlled by intellectual elite who felt threatened by the popularity of Hasidism

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Elijah of Vilna

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Obsessively attacked Hasidism, had no institutional power but tremendous influence b/c of his intellect, banned Hasidism

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Menachem Mendel Schneerson

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Leader of Chabad, which missionizes to lapsed Jews around the world

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Shlomo Carlebach

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Singer, songwriter, popularizes Hasidism through celebration of the common people

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Leopold Zunz

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founded the Academy in Germany to produce scientific editions of Jewish txts and apply the scientific method to Judaism

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Moses Sofer

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Important in the orthodox movement against reform, said that anything new is Biblically prohibited

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Samson Raphael Hirsch

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Important in the orthodox movement, was university educated but split from reform community

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Mordechai Kaplan

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Founded reconstructionist Judaism, invented the Bat Mitzvah, structured his new sect around a strong sense of community, says you can be Jewish without believing in God

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Yishuv

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Small settlement of pious mystics supported by finances of charities, wasnt economically viable, embarrassed Western Jewish counterparts

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Moses Hess

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Wrote Roman and Jerusalem in 1862, reaction to Italian nationalism; argued that anti-Semitism precludes Jewish integration and thus the national ID is based upon a migration to Palestine

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Henrich Graetz

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wrote an a 11 volume history of the Jews, articulated the national identity of the Jewish people

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Eliezer ben Yehuda

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revived the Hebrew language, since common language binds a nation together

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Leon Pinsker

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Wrote Auto-Emancipation in 1882, argued that the stateless nature of Jewish existence promotes Jew hatred

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Yehuda Alkalai

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mystic, said that you could go to Israel before messiah arrived to set up politically, and then the messiah will come and redeem you

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Zvi Hirsch Kalischer

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going to Israel = religious leap of faith, and God will meet you once you're there

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Dreyfus Affair

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scandal involving Dreyfus, a French officer charged with selling military secrets

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Emile Zola

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author who covered the Dreyfus affair, wrote an accusatory letter to the French government

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Theodore Herzl

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founded WZO, penned the Jewish State, envisioned a future in Israel

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Ahad Ha'am

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Zionism should not seek to move all Jews to Israel, but to make the Yishuv into a small, model community that can inspire the rest of world Jewry

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Avraham Yizhaq Kook

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first chief Ashkenazi rabbi of Palestine, revived religious ZIonism

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Zohar

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Written by Moses de Leon, but attributed to Shimon bar Yohai, a 2nd century rabbi