Final Exam Flash Cards

Front 1

Average erythrocyte count for males

Back 1

4.7-6.10 million/mm^3

Front 2

Average erythrocyte count for females

Back 2

4.20-5.40 million/mm^3

Front 3

Steps for calculating RBC in one cubic mm of blood

Back 3

Multiply by 10 bc counting chamber is 0.1 mm

Multiply by 5 bc we only counted 1/5 of the squares

Multiply by 200 bc blood is diluted 1:200

In the end: 10 x 5 x 200

Front 4

Average number of leukocytes for males and females

Back 4

4,800-10,800/mm^3

Front 5

Calculating number of leukocytes in one mm of blood

Back 5

Multiply by 10 bc depth of counting chamber is 0.1 mm

Divide by 4 bc we only want leukocytes per 1 square

Multiply by 20 bc blood is diluted 1:20

In the end: 10 ÷ 4 × 20

Front 6

Erythrocytes

Back 6

Biconcave disc shape, lack nuclei, formed in bone marrow through hematopoiesis, 280 million Hb mcs, 99% or cells in blood

Front 7

Leukocytes

Back 7

Protect body from foreign invaders, viruses, parasites, toxins; capable of diapedesis or the ability to squeeze through capillary wall

Front 8

Neutrophils (Granular)

Back 8

Two to six lobes, effective against bacteria, phagocytize bacteria, release lysozyme, also release neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) that trap bacteria, 60-70 %

Front 9

Eosiniphils

Back 9

Two lobed nucleus connected by narrow band, associated with allergic response, attack parasitic worms by releasing digestive enzymes, 1-4%

Front 10

Basophils

Back 10

Blue nucleus that is often masked by large dark staining granules, release histamine, release herapin, < 1%

Front 11

Lymphocytes

Back 11

Dark nucleus that's usually round or oval, nucleus almost fills entire cell, primary leukocyte in adaptive immune response, B lymphocytes produce antibodies, T lymphocytes directly attack specific targeted cells, 25-33%

Front 12

Monocytes

Back 12

Largest leukocyte, kidney shaped nucleus, move through capillaries using diapedesis and differentiate into macrophages, fight bacteria and other foreign molecules, 2-6%

Front 13

Thrombocytes

Back 13

Appear as tiny blue particles, blood clotting or hemostasis, removed from red marrow from fragments of megakaryocyte

Front 14

Infectious mononucleosis

Back 14

Caused by epstein-barr virus, T lymphocytes attack infected B lymphocytes

Front 15

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Back 15

Large number of immature lymphocytes produced

Front 16

Sickle cell anemia

Back 16

Caused by point mutation in Hb molecule, cell assumes a Sickle shape

Front 17

Normal Hb values for males

Back 17

14-18 g/100mL

Front 18

Normal Hb values for females

Back 18

12-16 g/100mL

Front 19

Calculating Hb value

Back 19

Multiply % Hb in blood × 15.6 g (Tallquist standard)

Front 20

Hematocrit levels for males

Back 20

42-52 %

Front 21

Hematocrit levels for females

Back 21

37-47 %

Front 22

SA Node

Back 22

Composed of specialized muscle cells in right atrium and serve as pacemaker for heart

Front 23

AV Node

Back 23

Stimulated by wave of depolarization from SA Node, located in lower part of the septum between the atria

Front 24

Bundles of His

Back 24

Stimulated by AV Node, divides into right and left branches

Front 25

Purkinje fibers

Back 25

Network of fibers that travel deep into walls of ventricles

Front 26

P Wave

Back 26

Atrial depolarization

Front 27

PR segment

Back 27

AV nodal delay

Front 28

QRS complex

Back 28

Ventricular depolarization (atria repolarizing simultaneously)

Front 29

ST segment

Back 29

Time during which ventricles are contracting and emptying

Front 30

T wave

Back 30

Ventricular repolarization

Front 31

TP interval

Back 31

Time during which ventricles are relaxing and filling

Front 32

Normal systolic pressure in brachial artery

Back 32

90-120 mm Hg

Front 33

Normal diastolic pressure

Back 33

60-80 mm Hg

Front 34

Turbulence

Back 34

Blood pressure in the artery is greater than cuff pressure

Front 35

Thoracic cavity

Back 35

Contains heart and lungs

Front 36

Boyle's law

Back 36

Pressure of gas in inversely proportional to its volume

Front 37

Inhalation

Back 37

Volume of thoracic cavity increases

Pressure decreases

Front 38

Vital capacity

Back 38

When air is forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation

Front 39

Calculating lung volumes and capacities

Back 39

Front 40

Lung volumes and capacities graph

Back 40

Front 41

Heyemer test

Back 41

Measures respiratory efficiency

Front 42

Respiration equation

Back 42

CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3-

Front 43

How CO2 is regulated

Back 43

Incr. CO2 -> Incr. CO2 induced H+ concentration -> Decr. pH -> Incr. Respiration rate -> Decr. CO2 levels

Front 44

Physical fitness

Back 44

The state or condition of being physically sound

Front 45

Reaction time

Back 45

Measures time necessary for subject to respond to stimulus

Front 46

Calipers

Back 46

Measures at various skin folds on body

Front 47

Nomogram

Back 47

Turns caliper measurements to body fat percentages

Front 48

Thigh skin fold

Back 48

Vertical fold on half way point on the thigh

Front 49

Umbilicus skin fold

Back 49

Vertical fold on the right of umbilicus

Front 50

Midaxilla skin fold

Back 50

Diagonal fold beneath axilla

Front 51

Suprailliac skin fold

Back 51

Diagonal fold above iliac crest (love handle)

Front 52

Triceps skin fold

Back 52

Vertical skin fold on back of upper arm at half way point

Front 53

Index of physical fitness calculations

Back 53

Length of time in seconds × 100 / 2(sum of heart beats at 30 sec intervals)

Front 54

Aerobic fitness scores

Back 54

Below 55: poor

56-64: average minus

65-79: average plus

80-90: good

Above 90: excellent

Front 55

Nephrons

Back 55

Functional units of kidneys

Front 56

Specific gravity

Back 56

Indicates what portion of a solution is composed of solutes

Front 57

Urinalysis

Back 57

Detects the presence of various dilutes in the urine

Front 58

Visual urine exam

Back 58