Final Exam : Cardiology Review

Front 1

What are the 7 clinical signs of cardiac disease?

Back 1

1. Cough
2. Asymptomatic
3. Restrictive breathing
4. Fainting
5. Tiring
6. Weight loss
7. Lameness.

pg 175 Sudz

Front 2

What are the 3 ddx of cardiogenic cough?

Back 2

1. Left atrial enlargement
2. Pulonary artery enlargement
3. Pulmonary oedema

Front 3

What are the 3 ddx of non cardiogenic cough?

Back 3

1. Airway disease
2. Pulmonary fibrosis
3. Alveolitis
4. Neoplasia

Front 4

what does a weak pulse indicate?Give examples of conditions associated with it?

Back 4

Low HR ouput, increased peripheral resistance. Left ventricular failure (dilatative cardiomyopathy), Subaortic stenosis, shock,hypovolaemia.

Front 5

what does a strong pulse indicate?Give examples of conditions associated with it?

Back 5

High output states = hyperthyroidism, anemia, excitement, fever, sepsis, hypertension.

Front 6

What are the ddx for cardiogenic dyspnea? 2.

Back 6

1. Pulmonary edema (left heart failure)
2. Pleural effusion

Front 7

What are the ddx for non cardiogenic dyspnea? 5

Back 7

1. PUlmonary odema
2. Pleural effusion
3. Pneumothorax
4. Upper airway obstruction
5. Lower airway obstruction.

Front 8

What does pulse deficits mean? Give 2 examples contributing two conditions.

Back 8

Insuddicient time for ventricles to fill before contraction. Atril fibbrilation, ventricular premature contraction.

Front 9

Name me 6 valvular disease.

Back 9

1. Endocardiosis
2. Congenital oartic stenosis
3. Congenital pulmonic stenosis
4. Congenital AV valve dysplasia
5. Bacterial endocardiosis
6. AV valvular regurgitation due to cardeomegaly

Front 10

Describe the location for PMI for heart valves.

Back 10

LEFT P ^A^ M = 3 ^4^5

Front 11

What does the lub S1 sound correlate to?

Back 11

Closure of the AV valves ( start of the ventricular systole)

Front 12

What does the lub S2 sound correlate to?

Back 12

Closure of the semilunar valves ( aortic and pulmonic valves) strt of ventricular diastole.

Front 13

When do you hear split S2 ?

Back 13

Delayed closure of the semilunar valves most commonly with heartworm disease

Front 14

What does gallop sounds mean? What disease do they indicate?

Back 14

1. S3 S4 sounds ( early heart faillure)

Front 15

What does stenosis mean?

Back 15

obstruction of flow ( usually congenital )

Front 16

Wht does regurgitation mean?

Back 16

Incomplete closure of valve

Front 17

What is murmurs the hallmark of? What does it mean to hear a murmur?

Back 17

Valvular disease. It is due to to turbulent blood flow over valve

Front 18

Give 6 examples of innocent / physiological murmurs.

Back 18

1. Anaemia
2. Fever
3. Anxiety
4. Kittens and Puppies
5. Hypoproteinaemia
6. Athletic heart

Front 19

What does a continous machenary murmur mean? Which side is it on?

Back 19

1. Patent ductus arteriosus on the left sides. 1# congenital heart disease in the dog.

Front 20

Describe what you would see with right atrial enlargement on the lateral view .

Back 20

Elevation of trachea.

Front 21

Describe what you would see with right atrial enlargement on the DV

Back 21

9 - 11 oclock bulge

Front 22

Describe what you would see with right ventricular enlargement on the left lateral view

Back 22

- 6-9oclock bulging
- more sternal contact
-trachea and carina elevation
- apex elevation of sternum

Front 23

Describe what you would see with right ventricular enlargement on the lateral view

Back 23

- 6-9 oclock bulging
- more sternal contact
- trachea and carina elevation
- apex elevation off sternum

Front 24

Describe what you would see with right ventricular enlargement on the DV

Back 24

- 6- 9 oclock bulge ( reverse D)
- apex more to left

Front 25

Describe what you would see with left atrial enlargement on the lateral view

Back 25

- Elevated trachea and carina
- Separation of mainstem bronchi

Front 26

Describe what you would see with left atrial enlargement on the DV

Back 26

- 2 - 3oclock bulge (auricle )
- cowboy legs ( spread mainstem bronchi)

Front 27

Describe what you would see with left ventricular enlargement on the lateral view

Back 27

- 3 - 6oclock bulging

Front 28

Describe what you would see with left ventricular enlargement on the DV

Back 28

- Rounding 3- 5 oclock
- apex shifted to right

Front 29

What evidence on the rads wold you find with enlarged aortic arch? Give 3 examples of disease processes.

Back 29

LAT: elongated cardiac sillhoiuette, protrusion of cranial heart border ( 11-1 oclock)
DV: wodened aortic arch (11-1)

Causes: PDA, aortic stenosis, aortic aneutrism

Front 30

What evidence on the rads wold you find with enlarged aortic arch? Give 4 examples of disease processes.

Back 30

DV/VD = 1-2 oclock bulge

1. Pulmonic stenosis
2. Heartworm
3. PDA
4. Septal defects with left to right shunting

Front 31

What is pulmonary oedema caused by ? Name two types.

Back 31

Cause by congestive left heart failure .
1. Interstitial oedema = fluid in lung tissue. Vessels are fuzzy but evident

2. alveolar oedema - alveoli filled with fluid Air bronchograms. NO vasculature seen.

Front 32

What will you see with hypovascularity?

Back 32

MOre radiolucent lung fields.
PULMONARY ARTERIES SMALLER THAN VIENS

Front 33

What are the causes of hypovascularity? 4

Back 33

1. Right to left shunt
2. Pulmonic stenosis
3. Hypovolaemic shock ( small heart)
4. Adrenal insufficiency ( small heart)

Front 34

What will you see with overcirculation ?

Back 34

ARTERIES ARE LARGER THAN VIENS . MORE OPAQUE LUNGS .

Front 35

What will you see with overcirculation ? What are the causes?

Back 35

1. Heartworm
2. PDA
3. Left to right shunts
4. CHF
5. FLUID overload

Front 36

What is pleural effusion caused by? Describe what you would see on the lat and DV views.

Back 36

Right heart failure causes blood to back up into the plural space as well as the rest of the body.

LAT: Increase opacity to ventral thorax.
DV:
- retraction of lungs from the thoracic wall
- blunting of costophrenic angles
- widening of mediastinum
- scalloped appearance
- blurring / disappearance of cardiac shadow

Front 37

What are the 5 cardiogenic causes of pleural effusions?

Back 37

1. rt av valve regurgitation
2. Pulmonic stenosis
3. Heartworm
4. Pericardial effusion or pericarditis
5. Tetralogy of Fallot.

Front 38

What does the p wave mean?

Back 38

depolarisation of the atria

Front 39

What does the P-R interval mean ?

Back 39

Delay of impulse through AV node and bundle of His

Front 40

What does the QRS colectively as a whole mean?

Back 40

depolarisation of ventricles.

Front 41

What does QRS individually mean ?

Back 41

Q= depo of the septum
R= Depo of the left ventricles
S= Depo of the right ventricles

Front 42

What does the ST segment meant?

Back 42

interval of ventricular systole

Front 43

What does the T wave mean?

Back 43

Repolarisation of ventricles

Front 44

Qhat is the Q-T interval ?

Back 44

ventricular dep and repo

Front 45

What are the 5 goals of heart failure management?

Back 45

1. Maintain or increase CO
2. MInimise myocardial oxygen demand
3. Reduce activity and anxiety
4. Relieve fluid accumulation
5. COntrol rhythm disturbances.