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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy of the lung
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Muscles for quiet breathing
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diaphragm and intercostals
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Muscles for forced breathing
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SCM Serratus Anterior Splenis Capitus |
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Tidal volume
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amount of air in each cycle of quiet breathing (350 + 150 ml)
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IRV
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IRV=VC-(Vt+ERV)The additional air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal breath in. The maximum volume of air that can be inspired in addition to the tidal volume.
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ERV
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The amount of additional air that can be pushed out after the end expiratory level of normal breathing. (At the end of a normal breath, the lungs contain the residual volume plus the expiratory reserve volume, or around 2.4 litres. If one then goes on and exhales as much as possible, only the residual volume of 1.2 litres remains).
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Anatomical Dead Space
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amount of gases remain after cycle (150 ml)
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Daltons Law
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total pressure of mixture of gases = pressures exerted by each gas
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Henrys Law
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When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure
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Trachea Structures
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Cycle of Respiration
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Exercise and Respiration
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passage way of air
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trachea
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passage way of food
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esophogus
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function of salivary amylase
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which begins the digestive process by breaking down starch when you chew your food, converting it into maltose, a smaller carbohydrate.
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structure of esophagus
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function of the larynx
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It manipulates pitch and volume. The larynx houses the vocal folds (vocal cords)
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bolus
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is a ball-like mixture of food and saliva that forms in the mouth during the process of chewing
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chyme
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the pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food.
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contents of gastric juice
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The colorless, watery, acidic digestive fluid that is secreted by various glands in the mucous membrane of the stomach and consists chiefly of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, rennin, and mucin
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Know the deficiencies and toxicities of vitamins
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Function of the central vein
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The central veins of liver (or central venules) are veins found at the center of hepatic lobules (one vein at each lobule center). They receive the blood mixed in the liver sinusoids and return it to circulation via the hepatic veins.
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Renin-Angiotensin function
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Renin is produced and released by the kidneys in response to decreased BP, volume, renal perfusion pressure -Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I-ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II |
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Arteries of the Kidney
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Renal arteries carry blood from the heart to the kidneys. They branch directly from the aorta (the main artery coming off the heart) on either side and extend to each kidney. These arteries take a very large volume of blood to the kidneys to be filtered.
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The flow order of Filtrate
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glomerular capsule, Proximal Convoluted tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted tubule (DCT), Collecting duct
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What can be reabsorbed by the normal kidney?
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water, sodium, chloride
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What is Transport Maximum?
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Transport maximum is the maximum amount of substance that can be reabsorbed based on the number of transport proteins available. It depends on the amount of substance and the number of transport proteins available.
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What is the function of PTH?
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Name the three processes to create urine.
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What is the normal pH of urine?
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Describe neuronal proliferation, migration and organization.
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What is the function of a mirror neuron? What is gluconeogenesis?
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What is the period of the embryo?
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What is gluconeogenesis?
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How many units of ATP are produced in each Kreb’s cycle?
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Describe lipogenesis?
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What does glycogen synthase do?
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Know the functions of insulin as it relates to energy, glucose, lipids and amino acids.
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What is lipolysis?
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Know the duct system of the male reproductive system.
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Know the function of the dartos and cremaster muscles.
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Know the location of the corpus spongiosum and the corpus cavernosa
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Where is the seminal vesicle?
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What is the function of the fimbriae?
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What is the function of the stratum functionalis?
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What will a hypotonic hydration intake cause?
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Know the locations of the areola, perineum, clitoris…
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What is the function of Aldosterone?
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What are the functions of Estrogen?
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What is a buffer system?
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What is spermatogenesis?
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Define head, acrosome and midpiece of sperm.
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What is the function of the Blood-Testis Barrier?
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What is the function of LH?
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Know the general functions of the minerals.
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What is gastruation?
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The developing chorion
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Inner cell mass and trophoblast develop into these structures55 Define sperm capacatation56 What is the function of prostaglandin?57 Know the two layers of the follicle.
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Define sperm capacatation
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What is the function of prostaglandin?
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Know the two layers of the follicle.
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What is polyspermy?
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What is syngamy?
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Know the deciduas and their functions.
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What does the cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast do?
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Know what the ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm layers form.
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What does the notochord, neural crest, and neural tube develop into?
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What do somites develop into?
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Know the function of the chorionic villi.
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Describe angiogenesis.
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Apgar Scores and what it represents
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What are the functions of neuroligin and neurexin
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What are the differences of explicit and implicit recall?
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Describe fast mapping
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Understand executive function and working memory.
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Describe synaptic pruning.
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Understand how dilute and concentrated urine form.
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Know the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and its relationship to behavior.
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Describe the role of kisspeptin
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Understand the development of the prefrontal cortex and its relationship to behavior.
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Know the percentages for overweight and obesity.
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Angiotensin II
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-powerful vasoconstriction (direct & indirect)-promotes aldosterone release-cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling-thickening of blood vessel walls
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Aldosterone
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-Increased resorption of sodium in kidneys-Increased resorption of water, with consequent expansion of extracellular fluid volume.-Increased renal excretion of potassium
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