Chapter 33

Front 1

gnotobiotic organism

Back 1

germ free - but could have known germs

Front 2

four problems that arise in gnotobiotic animals:

Back 2

1. poorly developed lymphoid tissue

2. thin intestinal walls

3. require vitamin supplements

4. more susceptible pathogens

Front 3

microbioata

Back 3

"normal" population of bacteria

Front 4

pros and cons of microbiota

Back 4

1. compete with pathogens but...

2. are oppurtunistic pathogens

Front 5

two types of immune response

Back 5

specific and non-specific

Front 6

"specific" immune cells

Back 6

lymphocytes:

1. b-cells

2. t-cells

3. natural killer cells

Front 7

non-specific immune cells

Back 7

Mononuclear cells:

1. monocytes-circulate in blood and migrate to tissues

2. macrophages-mature monocytes in tissues

Front 8

granulocytes

Back 8

contain chemicals that kill bugs and enhance inflammation response (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)

Front 9

basophil properties

Back 9

1. non-phagocytic

2. contain things like histamines and prostaglandins

3. coated with IgE (key component of allergic response)

Front 10

eosinophils

Back 10

defense against helminth (worms) - destroy membranes

Front 11

neutrophils

Back 11

phagocytic cells which contain lysozyme and peroxidases

Front 12

mast cells

Back 12

cells found in connective tissues which contribute to inflammation process and allergy development

Front 13

what aspects of skin make it a non-specific resistor?

Back 13

1. it sheds.

2. its acidic

3. its dry

Front 14

What are the skin associated lymphoid cells

Back 14

1. keratinocytes - secrete cytokines

2. langerhans cells - phagocytize and present antigens

Front 15

mucous membrane nonspecific resistance

Back 15

lysozyme and lactoferrin

Front 16

Respiratory tract resistance (non-specific)

Back 16

1. sticky surfcce acts as a filter

2. cilia move bacteria to mouth

3. cough and sneeze expels

4. macrophages in the alveoli

Front 17

Mucosoal associated immunity

Back 17

1. M cells take in pathogen and release in a "pocket" which has b-cells, t-cells and macrophages

2. B-cells mature into plasma cells to produce IgA

Front 18

GI tract non-specific resistance

Back 18

1. peristalsi

2. acidic stomack (ph=2_

3. cyrptins-peptides which are toxic to some bacteria

Front 19

Non-specific resiistance of eye

Back 19

1. flushing by tears

2. lysozyme

3. lactoferrin

Front 20

Chemical barriers - nonspecific resistance

Back 20

1. bacteriocins - bacterial proteins lethal to closely related bacteria

2. anti-microbial peptide (neutrophils, epithelial cells)

3. prostatic antibacterial factor- a prostate secretion

Front 21

First slide of inflammation response (step one, splinter enters skin)

Back 21

ONE:

1. Injured tissue releases chemical signal

2. kallikrein cleaved

3. bradykinin relased, which binds to capillaries and mast cells causing vasodialation and histamine release.

(basically blood flow is increased, and neutrophils are activated)

Front 22

Second step of inflammatory response.

Back 22

TWO:

Neutrophils migrate to the area

Front 23

Third step of inflammatory response

Back 23

neutrophils (mononuclear non-specific immune cells) destroy bacteria or dead tissue by phagocytosis

Front 24

Complement pathway

Back 24

set of proteins found int eh blood which

1. destroy pathogens by forming a membrane attack complex

2. help in phagocytosis by coating pathogen (in C3b - a process known as opsonization)

Front 25

Opsonization

Back 25

Microorganisms coated by serum components in prep for phagocytosis

Front 26

two types of complement pathway

Back 26

1. classical (specific) C1

2. alternative (non-specific) C3b

both lead to activation of C3 convertase enzyme, which creates (C3) which leads to:

1. C3a - inflammation

2. C3b - opsonization

- C5-------> cell lysis

Front 27

To methods of phagocytosis

Back 27

1. opsonin-dependent (C3b)

2. opsonin - independent

Front 28

Opsonin independent pathway-

Back 28

need other recognintion factors (than C3b)

PAMP (pathogen associated molecular patterns)

toll-like-receptors required

Front 29

oxygen independent killing by phagocytes relies on:

Back 29

Lysozyme, phospholipase, RNAse, DNAse and proteases

Front 30

Oxygen dependent killing by phagocytesrelies on:

Back 30

ROS

Front 31

Cytokine

Back 31

A general term for proteins released by cells to communicate with other cells

(lymphokines from - T-cells)

(monokines from Mononuclear phagocytes)

Front 32

Interferons

Back 32

Cytokines produced by eukaryotic cells to warn others of impending attack. Triggered by viral, protozoan, or bacterial attacks.

Front 33

Collectins

Back 33

proteins which bind to toxic molecules or debris allowing them to be taken up by macrophages

Front 34

Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Back 34

cells attack if target cell is tagged with antibodies