Final Exam

Front 1

International Relations

Back 1

The study of how states interrelate with one-another.

Front 2

Comparative Politics

Back 2

The study of different governments and governmental forms.

Front 3

The Peace of Westphalia

Back 3

A pair of treaties signed after the Thirty Years War in 1648.

Front 4

The Congress of Vienna

Back 4

Met after the Napoleonic Wars for the purpose of shaping Europe. It reestablished Westphalian principles and created a forum for peace management known as the Concert of Europe.

Front 5

1) Who wrote the Twenty Years Crisis?

2) Are they a realist or a liberal idealist?

Back 5

1) Edward Carr

2) Realist

Front 6

What is the Twenty Years Crisis about?

Back 6

The reasons for WWI.

Front 7

Realism

Back 7

Explains international relations as a struggle for power between states in a chaotic world.

Front 8

Who are some prominent realists?

Back 8

Sun Tzu, Machiavelli, and Hobbes.

Front 9

Liberal Idealism

Back 9

Views world politics as a community of states with the potential to cooperate.

Front 10

Who are some prominent liberal idealists?

Back 10

Woodrow Wilson, John Maynard Keynes, and Jobn Locke.

Front 11

Balance of Power Theory

Back 11

The idea that national security may be made more secure when no one state has more power than the rest.

Front 12

1) What is a Multi-polar System?

2) Is this balancing or bandwagon?

Back 12

1) When a handful of great powers exist in the international system,

2) Balancing.

Front 13

1) What is a Bipolar System?

2) Is this balancing or bandwagon?

Back 13

1) When two great states dominate world politics,

2) Bandwagon.

Front 14

Uni-polar system

Back 14

When one state dominates world politics.

Front 15

Hegemonic Stability Theory

Back 15

Argues that a condition of extreme stability and order will be brought about in a uni-polar system because one state will act like a world government.

Front 16

Zero Sum Game

Back 16

When one player's gain is equal to the other's loss. (Two players cannot gain, but all can equally lose).

Front 17

Non-zero Sum Game

Back 17

When it is possible for more than one player to gain.

Front 18

1) Chicken Game

2) What is this used for in IR?

3) Is it a zero or non-zero sum game?

Back 18

1) When payoff and loss categories are so far apart in distribution that it yields a situation where players may risk the worst to secure the best outcome,

2) Nuclear threats,

3) Zero Sum Game.

Front 19

1) Prisoner's Dilemma Game

2) What is this used for in IR?

3) Is it a zero or non-zero sum game?

Back 19

1) Rational players will always choose moves that leave them worse off than if they chose irrationally,

2) Nuclear Arms Races,

3) Non-Zero Sum Game.

Front 20

Non-Proliferation Treaty

Back 20

An international treaty that aims to limit the spread of weapons-grade nuclear materials and technical expertise.

Front 21

IAEA

Back 21

International Atomic Energy Agency: monitors the non-proliferation treaty.

Front 22

1) UN Security Council

2) Who are the members?

3) How do they vote?

Back 22

1) The UN Institution charged with maintaining international peace and security,

3) 15 Members (5 Permanent: US, Britain, France, Russia, and China) (10 Alternating),

3) Requires 9 out of 15 to agree, but any permanent member has a veto.

Front 23

Constructivism

Back 23

An IR approach that argues the identities of states help determine the shape of world politics.

Front 24

1) What did Alexander Wendt write?

2) What IR theory does he support?

Back 24

1) "Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics",

2) Constructivism.

Front 25

Brutal Facts

Back 25

Realities that do NOT change, regardless of human behavior.

Front 26

Social Facts

Back 26

Realities that depend on social convention for their existence and DO change.

Front 27

Dependency Theory

Back 27

Argues the global south is poor because of the interplay between foreigners, domestic elites, and the capitol of the domestic elites.

Front 28

Peace Studies

Back 28

An approach to IR which aims to prevent and find solutions to conflicts by peaceful means.

Front 29

Positive Peace

Back 29

A peace that resolves the underlying reasons for war.

Front 30

Negative Peace

Back 30

The temporary absence of war.

Front 31

1) What did Graham Alison write?

2) What was it about?

Back 31

1) "The Essence of Decision",

2) An analysis of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Front 32

Rational Actor Model (RAM)

Back 32

Foreign policy decision-making is a process by which decision-makers calculate the costs and benefits of each possible course and choose the one with the highest benefits and the lowest cost.

Front 33

1) What is the Organizational Process Model?

2) What did Alison think it explained?

Back 33

1) Foreign policy decisions are often made according to standard operating procedures or standard responses,

2) SU behavior in the run-up to the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Front 34

1) What is the Bureaucratic/Government Bargaining Model?

2) What did Alison think it explained?

Back 34

1) foreign policy decisions often result from a competition between bargaining process among various government agencies and institutions,

2) Kennedy's choice of a quarantine naval blockade.

Front 35

Bounded Rationality

Back 35

Argues that time constraints often stop decision-makers from engaging in rational decisions so they find the satisfactory option.

Front 36

Prospect Theory

Back 36

Argues that decision-makers fear losses more than they cherish gains so they, (1) EDIT and (2) EVALUATE.

Front 37

Group Think

Back 37

A mode of thought whereby individuals intentionally conform to what they perceive to be the consensus of the group.

Front 38

Carl Von Clausewitz

Back 38

A Prussian military officer who wrote a work "On WAR". He says war is "natural" or the "continuation of politics by other means".

Front 39

Kenneth Waltz

Back 39

Wrote the primary modern work on why states go to war, "Man, the State, and War". He saw individual level theories as deficient because war is a social institution.

Front 40

1) What is the Ancient Hatreds Theory?

2) What level of analysis does it use?

Back 40

1) some nations simply don't understand or like each-other, so they will continue to fight each-other over and over,

2) Domestic level.

Front 41

1) What is the Conflict Spiral Theory?

2) What level of analysis does it use?

Back 41

1) wars occur because of a power transition or security dilemma which gets out of control because of tit-for-tat fighting,

2) interstate level.

Front 42

1) What is the Theory of Long-Term Linear Change?

2) What level of analysis does it use?

Back 42

1) argues war as an outcome of conflict is becoming obsolete, because of technology and international norms,

2) global level.

Front 43

Qur'an

Back 43

The final and most important revelations of God for Muslims.

Front 44

Sunnah

Back 44

The words and deeds of the prophet Muhammad.

Front 45

Hadith

Back 45

A series of essays that refer to what Muhammad said and did during his life.

Front 46

1) What is Shariah?

2) Where is it derived from?

Back 46

1) The moral and religious law of Islam,

2) The Qur'an and the Hadith.

Front 47

1) What is Hezbollah?

2) Where are they located?

3) Are they Sunni or Shia?

Back 47

1) A group that calls for the destruction of Israel,

2) Southern Lebanon,

3) Shia.

Front 48

1) What is Hamas?

2) Where are they located?

3) Are they Sunni or Shia?

Back 48

1) A group that calls for the destruction of Israel,

2) the West Bank and Gaza Strip,

3) Sunni.

Front 49

1) What is Mahdi Army?

2) Where are they located?

3) Are they Sunni or Shia?

Back 49

1) A group that calls for an Islamic democracy in Iraq,

2) Iraq,

3) Shia.

Front 50

Boko Haram

Back 50

People committed to the prophet's teachings for propagation and jihad. (Based in Nigeria).

Front 51

Islamic State

Back 51

Sunni-Wahhabi organization that wants to establish an Islamic State based in the Levent (Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon).

Front 52

1) What is Wahhabism?

2) Which Islamists are Wahhabi?

Back 52

1) A conservative form of Sunni Islam which originated in Saudi Arabia,

2) Al Qaeda, Boko Haram, Islamic State.

Front 53

Jihad

Back 53

The Islamic concept of "struggle", an Islamic obligation to most Wahhabis.

Front 54

Irredentism

Back 54

The belief that one state has the right to annex part of another, based on claims of common ethnicity and/or prior historical possession.

Front 55

Separatism

Back 55

The belief that a geographical unit within a state has a right to become its own state, based on claims of common ethnicity and/or prior historical possession/independence.

Front 56

1) Who is involved in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict?

2) Is it Irredentist or Separatist?

Back 56

1) Armenia and Azerbaijan,

2) Irredentist.

Front 57

1) Who is involved in the Chechen Conflict?

2) Is it Irredentist or Separatist?

Back 57

1) Chechnya and Russia,

2) Separatist.

Front 58

Where do the Kurds live?

Back 58

Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey.

Front 59

1) Who is fighting in the Spratly Islands Dispute?

2) Why?

Back 59

1) Taiwan, China, Vietnam, Brunei, the Philippines, and Malaysia,

2) Surrounded by rich fishing grounds and oil deposits.

Front 60

Ricin Gas

Back 60

A protein-inhibiting toxin that comes from the castor bean.

Front 61

Lewsite Gas

Back 61

A blistering agent and lung irritant.

Front 62

Sarin Gas

Back 62

A nerve agent.

Front 63

White Phosphorus

Back 63

A chemical used to provide smoke screens in combat, but that also burns the flesh for hours after contact.

Front 64

Geneva Protocol

Back 64

Bans the use of chemical and biological weapons between its signatories.

Front 65

Chemical Weapons Convention

Back 65

A treaty that prohibits the possession and production of chemical weapons. It controls the stockpiling, distribution, and production of certain chemicals, while making states destroy their chemical weapons.

Front 66

OPCW

Back 66

The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons: monitors the Chemical Weapons Convention.

Front 67

Biological Weapons Convention

Back 67

Aims to prevent the production of new weapons and promises the destruction of those held by its members,

it allows for the stockpiling of the organisms and creation of some weapons for "protective or other peaceful purposes".

Front 68

The Missile Technology Control Regime

Back 68

An agreement designed to limit the spread of ballistic missiles.

Front 69

Dirty Bombs

Back 69

Bombs crudely laced with biological, chemical, or radioactive materials.

Front 70

RDDs

Back 70

Radio-logical dispersal devices: explosive devices laced with radioactive material.

Front 71

International Criminal Court

Back 71

Tries individuals when a state is unwilling or unable to do so for crimes of aggression, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide.

Front 72

Fission

Back 72

Splitting an atom.

Front 73

Fusion

Back 73

Compressing atoms together.

Front 74

Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs)

Back 74

Range of 5,000 miles or more.

Front 75

Short-Range Ballistic Missiles (SRBMs)

Back 75

Range of 1,000 miles or less.

Front 76

MIRVs

Back 76

Multiple Independently-target-able re-entry vehicle that is capable of hitting multiple targets.

Front 77

Sub-Strategic Limited Strike

Back 77

Envisions the launch of just a few nuclear missiles against an adversary as a means of conveying a political message.

Front 78

Force de Frappe

Back 78

A French triad of air-based, land-based, and sea-based nuclear missiles.

Front 79

Strategic Defense Initiative

Back 79

The theater ballistic missile defense system introduced by Reagan,

AKA Star Wars.

Front 80

National Missile Defense

Back 80

The theater ballistic missile defense program still envisioned today in the US.

Front 81

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM)

Back 81

Limited the use of missile defense systems between the US and the Soviet Union.

Front 82

Partial Test Ban Treaty

Back 82

Bans atmospheric and underwater nuclear tests.

Front 83

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

Back 83

Bans all nuclear weapons tests.

Front 84

Asymmetrical War

Back 84

A war in which the relative military power of those involved is significantly different.

Front 85

Terrorism

Back 85

1) political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately,

2) one man's terrorist is another's freedom fighter.

Front 86

State Sponsored Terrorism

Back 86

The use of terrorist groups by states.

Front 87

What are the 3 types of terrorist strategies?

Back 87

1) Attention-seeking Terrorism (publicize a cause),

2) Anarchistic Terrorism (used to break down the social or global order),

3) Repression-Inducing Terrorism (when terror is used in the hopes of creating a repressive counter-terrorism or counter-insurgency campaign).

Front 88

Spectacular Terrorist Attack

Back 88

A terrorist event which is meant to let people know a group exists or still exists.

Front 89

Outer Space Treaty

Back 89

Prohibits its signatories from placing any nuclear weapon, or other weapon of mass destruction, in space.

Front 90

Global Positioning System

Back 90

The US owned world-wide satellite navigation system. It has both commercial and military uses.

Front 91

GLONASS

Back 91

Russia's global satellite navigation system that was updated in partnership with India later on.

Front 92

Galileo

Back 92

Europe's global satellite navigation system. It is expected to have better imaging capabilities than GPS.

Front 93

What are Territorial Waters?

Back 93

Parts of oceans or seas which lie off the shoreline of a state, but are generally treated as part of its national territory.

Front 94

1) What is UNCLOS?

2) What 2 rules were established in 1982 in order to further define it?

Back 94

1) The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: a world treaty which establishes a set of rules on territorial waters among its members.

2) 12 miles for shipping rights, and 200 miles for fishing and mineral rights.

Front 95

What event caused Islam to split into 2 branches?

Back 95

The murder of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali in 661.

Front 96

1) What are the 2 branches of Islam?

2) Define each

Back 96

1) Sunni: those who believe the Umayyads and their successors to all be true caliphs,

2) Shia: those who believe that only select descendants of Muhammad should be accepted as true caliphs.

Front 97

First Strike Capability

Back 97

A strategy that envisions having enough nuclear weapons to take out those of the opponent before they are deployed (relies on counter force targeting).

Front 98

Second Strike Capability

Back 98

A strategy that envisions the possession of a nuclear force that is capable of absorbing or surviving a first strike, and then retaliating in sufficient number to inflict unacceptable damage (relies on counter value targeting).

Front 99

Counter Value Targeting

Back 99

Aiming weapons at civilian populations and soft economic targets.

Front 100

Counter Force Targeting

Back 100

Aiming weapons at political or military equipment, facilities, and personnel.

Front 101

Mutually Assured Destruction

Back 101

A military strategy that argues a nuclear war would result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender, when each side has second strike capability. (Whoever shoots first, dies second).