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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Evolution |
Any change in the genetic constitution of a population of organisms |
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Evolutionary Force |
Any factor in the external environment or in the bodies of the organisms themselves that induces shifts in the frequencies of genes within populations |
Change |
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What is Inheritance based on? |
Genetics |
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Cline |
Some measurable gradual change over a geographic region in the average of some phenotypic or genotypic character such as color, size, and gene frequency |
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Natural Selection |
The differential contribution of offspring to the next generation by various genetic types of belonging to the same population |
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Bottleneck |
An event that drastically changes the population and genetic make-up of a population |
Think of a freeze destroying a population majority |
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What are the 3 modesl of natural selection? |
Stabilizing Disruptive Directional |
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Punctuated Equilibrium |
the hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change. |
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What kind of model is this? |
Punctuated Equilibrium model |
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What does Sexual Selection refer to? |
The choosing of certain traits that will benefit the animals in finding a mate, but may harm them trying to survive from predators |
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Niche |
Place occupied by a species in its ecosystem, where it eats, what it eats, its foraging route, the season of its activity, and so on |
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Niche Release |
When one species moves to a new ecosystem with few competitors |
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Evolutionary Convergence |
The occupation of the same niche by products of different adaptive radiations, especially in different parts of the world |
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What is a species? |
Groups of interbreeding natrual populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups (Mayr 1942)
A lineage, a collection of organisms that share a unique evolutionary history and are held together by the cohesive forces of reproduction (Wilson 1992) |
Two different definitions |
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What is the origin of species? |
The evolution of some difference, any difference at all that prevents the production of fertile hybrids between populations under natural conditions |
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Why is Carlos Linnaeus important? |
He is considered the father of animal classification |
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What is the order of animal classification? |
Kingdom Phylum Subphylum Class Order Family Genus |
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What is analogous structures? |
Animals that look the same, but do not come from common ancestors. They may look the same because they occupy a common niche |
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Homologous structures |
These characters are from a common ancestor and are use in the cladistics (classification of organisms based on the branchings of descendant lineages from a common ancestor.) |
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What is Taxa? |
a taxonomic category, as a species or genus. |
Taxa is plural for taxon |
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What does the word Clades mean? |
Grouping |
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What is the polarity of characters? |
Whether each character state is original or derived in each taxon |
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What is synapomorphies? |
Shared derived characteristics |
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What is plesiomorphies? |
Original or "primitive" characteristics |
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What is another term from Homoplasy? |
Convergence |
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What is a monophyletic group? |
A group containing the most recent common ancestors and all of its descendants |
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What type of graph is this? |
A cladogram |
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What is a paraphyletic phylogeny? |
A paraphyletic group contains the most recent common ancestors of all members and some but not all of its descendants |
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What is a polyphyletic phylogeny? |
A polyphletic group does not contain the most recent common ancestor |
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Where are alternative alleles of genes located? |
homologous chromosomes |
think of the same thing |
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What is a mictotubul made of? |
13 strands of tubulin molecules |
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What is the order of the cell cycle? |
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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Where does Mitosis go into affect? |
Prophase
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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Who is this, and what is he known for? |
This is Gregor Mendel and he is know for being the founder of genetics |
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What is Mendel's principle of segregation? |
States that pairs of hereditary factors (alleles) are distributed between gametes during gamete formation |
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What does Mendel's principle of independent assortment say? |
During gamete formation pairs of factors segregate independently of one another |
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What are dominant factors? |
They hide the expression of another factor |
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What are recessive factors? |
Those whose expression could be masked |
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What is an allele? |
The alternative form of a gene |
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What does Homozygous mean? |
The gene has two identical alleles for a give trait |
AA, BB, CC, aa, bb, cc, etc. |
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What does heterozygous mean? |
The gene has two different alleles for a given trait |
Aa, Bb, Cc, aA, bB, cC, etc. |
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What does codominant mean? |
An interaction between two alleles that express equally |
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What is the standard ratio in a dihybrid cross? |
9:3:3:1 |
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How many unique genotypes are there? |
9 |
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What is Epistasis? |
One gene masks the expression of a different gene for a different trait |
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What is Dominance? |
One allele masks the expression of another allele of the same gene |
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What is the unit of transmission during meiosis? |
Chromosome |
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In _______ there is a reciprocal exchange of chromosome segments |
prophase |
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What is the reciprocal exchange of chromosome segments called? |
Crossing over |
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What is a loci? |
the chromosomal position of a gene as determined by its linear order relative to the other genes on that chromosome. |
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