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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The I In Me |
William James Me: An object that can be observed and described I: Does the observing and describing *Recent research focuses on the me |
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The Self Across Cultures: Two Approaches |
Two Approaches 1 Rooted in anthropological analysis, suspects that the self is a Western cultural artifact that has no meaning in other cultures 2 Addresses the way the self and its implications differ across cultural contexts |
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The Self Across Cultures: Is the Self a Cultural Artifact? |
Some evidence that people from different cultures think of the self in fundamentally different ways - Differences in how American and Indians describe others - Differences in number of trait terms in languages - Other interpretations are impossible |
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The Self Across Cultures: Individualist and Collectivist Selves |
Individualistic Cultures: The self has an independent and separate existence
Collectivist Cultures: The self is embedded in a larger social context of obligations and relationships
Western self: Relatively separate entity Eastern self: More integrated into the social and cultural context
Self-regard - Individualistic: Distance self from failure - Collectivistic: Not as much need for self-enhancement
Consistency - Expectations for consistency depend on the perceived cause of behavior - Differences in emotional consistency are absolute, not relative Individualistic: Want consistency across situations, linked with being "true" or "fake" and mental health Collectivistic: Not important, can change behavior as role changes
*Personality matters everywhere in the world |
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The Contents and Purposes of the Self Psychological Self |
Psychological self - Influences behavior - Organizes memories - Influences impressions and judgements of others - Organizes knowledge |
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The Contents and Purposes of the Self Self-Regulation |
Four Jobs 1 Ability to restrain impulses and keep focused on long-term goals 2 Information processing filter: Guiding us to keep focus on and remember the information that really matters to us 3 Help us understand other people 4 Identity: To remind us of where we fit in our relations with others
To inhibit behavior, prioritize goals is critical *Self gives us a sense of belonging, empathy, and a specific identity |
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The Contents and Purposes of the Self Declarative Knowledge |
Consists of facts and impressions that we consciously know and can describe |
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The Contents and Purposes of the Self Procedural Knowledge |
Expressed through actions rather than words *Procedural self-knowledge includes patterns of social skills, styles of relating to others that compromise the relational self, and then unconscious self-knowledge that resides in the implicit self |
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The Declarative Self: Self-Esteem |
Declarative Self: Compromises all of your conscious knowledge or opinions about your own personality traits
Self-Esteem: Overall opinion of whether you are good or bad, worthy or unworthy, or somewhere in between
- Low self-esteem - Attempts to increase self-esteem may be detrimental - Self-esteem can be too high - How to legitimately increase self-esteem
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The Declarative Self: The Self-Schema |
Includes all of one's ideas about the self, organized into a coherent system - Where the declarative self resides - Can be assessed with S or B data - May have important consequences for how one processes information - Not based only on memories of specific events |
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The Declarative Self: Self-Reference & Memory |
Self-reference effect - Increases accessibility - Explains why your most meaningful memories stay with you the longest *Depends on culture |
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The Declarative Self: Self-Efficacy |
"Our opinions about our capabilities set the limits of what we will attempt." - May form foundations of personality |
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The Declarative Self: Possible Selves |
The images we have, or can construct, of the other possible ways we might be - Possible futures selves may affect goals - Evidence that it affects mate preferences - Want future selves that fulfill the needs for self-esteem, competence, and meaning - Want similar future selves |
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The Declarative Self: Self-Discrepancy Theory |
Interactions between possible selves and the actual self determine feelings about life - Ideal Self: View of what you could be at your best *Discrepancy leads to depression - Ought Self: View of what you should be, as opposed to what you would like to be *Discrepancy leads to anxiety |
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The Declarative Self: Accurate Self-Knowledge |
- A hallmark of mental health - Process for gaining accurate self-knowledge Realistic Accuracy Model: Relevance, Availability, Detection, Utilization
Self-knowledge vs. Knowledge of others - Important differences in perceiving ourselves vs. others - We know our emotional experience better than do others - Others know our behaviors better than we do
Improving self-knowledge - Introspection - Seek feedback - Observe own behavior |
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The Procedural Self |
Patterns of behavior that are characteristic of an individual - Not conscious and not possible to explain to others - Learned by past experiences and watching others Relational Selves - Relational self-schema: Said to be based on past experiences that direct how we relate with each of the important people in our lives *Deeply engrained and difficult to change |
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The Procedural Self Implicit Selves |
Works unconsciously and powerfully - Includes the relational self - Measure with the Implicit Association Test (IAT)
Self-Esteem - People with high implicit self-esteem respond more quickly when "me" and "good" are paired than when "me" and "bad" are paired - Predicts responses to success and failure - Only weakly related to declarative self-esteem
Shyness - Implicit and declarative shyness predict behavior differently |
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The Procedural Self: Conscious and Unconscious Self-Consciousness |
Conscious Self-Consciousness - Negative implications
Unconscious Self-Consciousness - Goal-directed behavior - Information processing
Acquiring and changing procedural knowledge - Practice and feedback are necessary - Have experiences that are different from the current procedural knowledge |
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How many selves? |
Some theorists think each person has many declarative selves and procedural selves - The Active Self - The Working Self-Concept: View of the continuously changing self
Problems with this theory: - A unitary and consistent sense of self is associated with mental health - Deciding which self to be *When does one stop fractioning the self? |
