Final Exam

Front 1

Information Processing Model of Sensation and Perception (STS CMO)

Back 1

Sensory system, Transduction of energy, Sensory memory, CNS processing and coding, Memory and transformation, Overt behaviour

Front 2

Human eye (CILPLOBS)

Back 2

cornea, iris, lens, pupil, layers (of retina), optic nerve, blood vessels, sclera

Front 3

Retina layers

Back 3

Ganglion, bipolar, photoreceptor

Front 4

Number of rods

Back 4

120 million

Front 5

Number of cones

Back 5

6 million

Front 6

Cone features

Back 6

Color vision, high clarity, located mostly in fovea

Front 7

Rod features

Back 7

Light sensitive, low activation threshold, found in periphery of retina

Front 8

When eyes fixate on an object

Back 8

they make fast, aimless, jittering movements

Front 9

Purposive movements (three)

Back 9

Conjugate, saccadic, pursuit

Front 10

Visual system (TO PLS OP)

Back 10

Temporal, optic chiasm, pulvinar nucleus, lateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus, optic radiation, primary visual cortex

Front 11

Somatosenses

Back 11

Pressure, temperature, heat

Front 12

Skin senses (HF AVSSP)

Back 12

Hair, free nerve endings, artery, vein, specialised receptor, sweat gland, pacinian corpuscle

Front 13

Chemical senses

Back 13

olfaction, taste

Front 14

Olfaction receptors location

Back 14

in the olfactory epithelium

Front 15

Perception of objects involves

Back 15

organisation of elements

Front 16

In perception, whole is more

Back 16

than the sum of its parts

Front 17

Gestalt psychology was devised by

Back 17

Wertheimer, Kohler, and Koffka

Front 18

What we see depends on

Back 18

the relations of elements to one another

Front 19

Gestalt principles (GIPS GCCC)

Back 19

grouping, illusory contours, proximity, similarity, good continuation, closure, common fate

Front 20

Pattern perception template model (simple but unlikely)

Back 20

From looking at things, acquire templates – visual memories stored by the visual system.

Front 21

Pattern perception prototype model

Back 21

Visual stimulation are compared with prototypes – idealised patterns of a particular shape

Front 22

Pattern perception feature detection models

Back 22

Visual system encodes images of familiar patterns in terms of distinctive features that specify particular items

Front 23

Bottom-up processing (or data driven processing)

Back 23

Perception is constructed out of the elements of the stimulus. Information is processed by successive levels of the visual system until the highest are reach and the object is perceived.

Front 24

Top-down processing

Back 24

Refers to the use of contextual information

Front 25

Perception usually consists of a combination

Back 25

of top-down and bottom-up processing.

Front 26

Binocular cues - convergence

Back 26

In depth perception, eyes both look at the same point of a visual scene (make conjugate movements). The brain controls extraocular muscles - knows angle between them, which is related to the distance between the object and the eyes

Front 27

Binocular cues - retinal disparity

Back 27

In depth perception, when focusing on objects at different distances they will fall on different portions of the retina of each eye - amount of disparity produced on the two retinas provides an important clue about distance.

Front 28

The visual system of the brain - sensory information

Back 28

Sensory information from the eye is transmitted through the optic nerve to the thalamus; from there it is relayed to the primary visual cortex. The results of the analysis performed there are sent to the first level of visual association cortex in the occipital lobe and then to the second level of association cortex in the temporal and parietal lobes.

Front 29

The visual system of the brain - visual information

Back 29

Sensory information from the eye is transmitted through the optic nerve to the thalamus, and from there it is relayed to the primary visual cortex. The results of the analysis performed there are sent to the visual association cortex of the occipital lobe (first level) and then on to that of the temporal lobe and parietal lobe (second level). At each stage, additional analysis takes place.

Front 30

Perpetual disorder - blindsight

Back 30

A patient can lose substantial areas of the PVC and yet show evidence of perceiving objects despite being cortically blind.

Front 31

Perpetual disorder - visual agnosia

Back 31

A patient with posterior lesions to the left or right hemisphere may have considerable difficulty in recognising objects.

Front 32

Apperceptive agnosia

Back 32

the inability to recognise objects.

Front 33

Associative agnosia

Back 33

the inability to make meaningful associations to objects that are visually presented.

Front 34

Prosopagnosia

Back 34

an impairment in the ability to recognise familiar faces.

Front 35

Perpetual disorder - spatial neglect

Back 35

A patient with lesions in the right parietotemporal cortex may have difficulty in perceiving objects to the left.

Front 36

Classical conditioning

Back 36

Organism learns that some stimuli predict important events. CS must reliably predict the UCS.

Front 37

The strength of the CR depends on

Back 37

intensity and timing.

Front 38

Law of effect (Thorndike)

Back 38

responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation.

Front 39

Operant conditioning outcomes

Back 39

Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, schedules of reinforcement

Front 40

Schemas

Back 40

Organise our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and beliefs about the world

Front 41

Attribution theory

Back 41

deals with how the social perceiver uses information to arrive at causal explanations for events.

Front 42

Attributional biases

Back 42

Actor-observer effect, false consensus

Front 43

Actor-observer effect

Back 43

Make different kinds of attributions for our own and others’ behaviour

Front 44

False consensus

Back 44

Belief that one’s own behaviour and views are widely shared

Front 45

Cognitive dissonance

Back 45

Discrepancy between attitudes and behaviour

Front 46

Group processes

Back 46

obedience, conformity, social facilitation, social loafing, diffusion of responsibility

Front 47

Crick’s astonishing hypothesis

Back 47

a person's mental activities are entirely due to the behavior of nerve cells, glial cells, and the atoms, ions, and molecules that make them up and influence them

Front 48

Penrose and Hameroff’s quantum model

Back 48

suggested that consciousness takes place in the skeletal structures of neurons (called cytoskeleton), specifically in parts of the neuron called microtubules

Front 49

Dichotic listening

Back 49

dichotic listening task requires a person to listen to one of two messages presented simultaneously, one to each ear.

Front 50

Shadowing

Back 50

involves repeating back as quickly but as accurately as possible one of the two messages. This task ensures that the individual pays attention only to that one message.

Front 51

EEG - alert

Back 51

high frequency. 15-30 Hz. low amplitude activity called beta activity.

Front 52

EEG - relaxed

Back 52

medium frequency. 8-12 Hz. medium amplitude activity called alpha activity.

Front 53

EEG - stage 1 and 2 sleep

Back 53

3.5-7.5 Hz. theta activity.

Front 54

EEG - stage 3 and 4 sleep

Back 54

high amplitude. less than 3.5 Hz. slow-wave sleep. delta activity.

Front 55

EEG - REM

Back 55

EEG that is typical of a person who is awake and active (theta, alpha and beta activity).