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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sport Injuries
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the most common injury is the ankle, the most popular sport for injuries is football, types of injuries: acute-sudden, chronic-developed over time
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RICE
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Rest Ice Compression Elevation...purpose is to reduce the swelling
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Physical Therapist
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only involved in the rehabilitation
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Athletic Trainer
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first response, essentially covers the entire spectrum, in charge of prevention of injuries
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Motor Learning
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the software, you can't see, how the system adjusts to improve your skill, origins in psychology
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Motor Control
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the hardware, brain, spinal cord, nerves, physical changes that may occur in your system
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Skill
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something that you learn and become more skillful at it (the natural athlete idea)
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Ability
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what you are born with but can be improved (speed, strength)
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Drive theory
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higher arousal, the better you will perform
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Quiescence theory
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more relaxed, the better you will perform
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IZOF
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the Inverted U is correct, but does not stay in the same place
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Inverted-U theory
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somewhere in middle of arousal level, the better you will perform
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Massed practice
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shooting 100 free throws and not doing anything else, good if task is simple
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Distributed practice
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shooting some free throws, go and do something else, then come back to free throws, good if task is difficult
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Knowledge of results
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knowing what the score is (statistics)
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Knowledge of performance
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knowing how/why you missed
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Golden Age of Sport
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1920s
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Graduation ratios of athletes/non-athletes
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athletes as a whole have a higher graduation rate than non-athletes
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Sport Psychology
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Griffith invented it at Illinois in the 1920s, three main areas of study: clinical (1on1), education, research
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Domains of learning
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cognitive (knowledge), affective (behavior), motor (movement)
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Reminiscence
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improvement in skill as a result of rest
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Acceleration
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time rate of change in velocity
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Adrenalin
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the neurotransmitter epinephrine that is released into the body during exercise
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Aggression
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an action that is done to produce a harmful effect
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Altitude
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measured as height above sea level. Moderate: 5,000-8,000 feet. High: 8,000-12,000 feet. Very High: 12,000-18,000 feet. Extreme: >18,000 feet
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Amenorrhea
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Menstrual dysfunction
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Anabolic steroids
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synthetic hormones, designed by pharmacologists to produce muscle growth without all the other side effects
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Anaerobic threshold
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Percent of your max VO2 where your body starts to do anaerobic work. Untrained person: 50%, athlete: 90%
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Anorexia
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when somebody starves themselves, or has a distinct lack of an appetite
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Arteriosclerosis
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The hardening of the arteries
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ATP & ADP
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The source of energy for catabolic work in the body
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Barometric pressure
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Measure of the weight of the column of air above you. Measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Barometric pressure decreases as altitude increases. 18,000 ft = 380 mm Hg (1/2 atmosphere): highest "livable" altitude
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Biomechanics
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the study of physics applied to human movement
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Blood boosting and blood doping
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This procedure, which would primarily benefit endurance athletes, has received wide publicity but little or no testing. The effects are similar to altitude training but allow exact control or manipulation of peaking. Difficulties in testing are the primary reasons that the practice has not been officially banned
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Body fat
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average body fat in women is 20% and average body fat in men is 15%
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Bulimia
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the act of someone forcing themselves to vomit in an attempt to lose weight
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Calcium retention
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When your body has an excess of calcium in it and there is nowhere to store it and it collects in your kidneys causing kidney stones to form
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Carbohydrate
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primary fuel source for muscles. Simple carbs: processed sugars, food naturally high in sugar (fruit), high glycemic index. Complex carbs: starches and fibers (whole grains, pasta, beans, veggies), low glycemic index. Enhances body's ability to get glucose to the muscles during exercise
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Carbon Dioxide
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what every human exhales. 0.04% of the air
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Center of gravity
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that point at which the body will balance. The movement of the body COG in running is essentially linear movement. The movement of the arms and legs while running represents rotatory motion
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Curvilinear motion
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motion in a curved path that describes a parabolic pathway--when an athlete or object leaves the ground, it is affected by gravity
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Eating disorder
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when somebody does not eat in a normal pattern or eat the right amounts to maintain a high quality of life. Bulimia and/or Anorexia
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Eccentric thrust
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any external influences that have a positive on the body's physical or mental performance
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Ergogenic acid
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any substance pr phenomenon that is thought to elevate or improve the performance of an individual
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Estrogen
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female hormone
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Fat
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fuel source for endurance events. Low intensity, long duration
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Fatigue
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the act of the body wearing down and getting tired and running out of energy during exercise
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Female triad
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disordered eating, amenorrhea, and low bone density
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Fitness
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the act of exercising and keeping oneself in good shape for athletic activity
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Frostbite
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injury to body tissue because of the exposure to extreme cold
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Half the barometric pressure
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18,000 feet = 380 mm Hg (1/2 atmosphere)
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Hemoglobin
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Red Blood Cells. Carries iron and takes oxygen to the muscles. Low hemoglobin is a potential reason for lower VO2 in women
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Hydration
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keeps blood volume at a safe level. Prevents dehydration. Moves waste products/nutrients in and out of cells. A 2%-2 1/2% fluid loss can impair performance greatly
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Hormone
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change boys to men and girls to women
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Hypobaric hypoxia
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less than normal oxygen resulting from less than normal barometric pressure
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Hypertrophy
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muscle enlargement (increase in size of each fiber)
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Hyperplasia
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increased number of muscle fibers (probably does not occur)
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Lean body mass
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BMI is a measure of an adult's weight in relation to height
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Linear motion
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motion in a straight path
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Mitochondria
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cell membrane
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Moment of inertia
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an athlete who brings arms and legs close to the COG will spin faster. A long body will rotate slower
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Newton's First Law of Motion
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law of inertia: a body at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by a force. A body in motion will continue in motion in a straight path unless acted upon by a force or friction.
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Newton's Second Law of Motion
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law of acceleration: an object acted upon by an outside force will accelerate in direct proportion to the force and in inverse proportion to the mass of the object
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Newton's Third Law of Motion
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law of action/reaction: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Ex: vertical jump
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Nitrogen
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78% of the air
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Osteoporosis
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bone loss
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Oxygen
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21% of the air. Oxygen does not change as altitude increases.
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Parabola
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The path an object takes through out the air.
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Placebo
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an experiment where there is a control group and the control group is unknown
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Protein
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provides essential amino acids to the cells. Develops tissue to help repair the body. 3:1 carbs/protein ratio
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Rehabilitation
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getting back to 100% after sustaining an injury through exercises and other activities
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Rotary Motion
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Motion around an axis
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Testosterone
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the male hormone which is primarily produced in the male testis. Testosterone stimulates the following: muscle growth, initially bone growth but eventually causes closure of the epiphyseal plates, testis lower into the scrotum and the prostate gland begins to function, voice deepens, aggressive behavior, body hair growth, hair line recedes with potential baldness
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Transfer of momentum
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force with which a body moves; a product of a body mass and its velocity
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Title IX
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expansion for women's sports. Number of athletes proportional to number of students. It results in fewer male sports
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Velocity
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a vector quantity, denoted speed in a given direction
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Types of coaches (leaders)
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"hard-nosed" authoritarian coach, "nice-guy" coach, intense or "driven" coach, "easy-going" coach, "business-like" coach
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Great coaches
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has complete confidence in his or her ability and in the ability of the athlete. Leads by example and reputation
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Percent of oxygen in the air
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21%
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Acclimatization
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adjusting to changes within an environment
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Aerobic
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Movement performed (catabolic work) when oxygen is available. May last indefinitely
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Anaerobic
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Movement performed when oxygen is limited or unavailable. Has limited duration (usually limited by the buildup of lactic acid, which lowers blood pH). Muscles won't work if pH is too low
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Anabolic
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building tissue
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Catabolic
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producing movement
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Alveoli
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Very thin walls surrounded by capillaries
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Aorta
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the largest artery in the body. Located from the left ventricle down to the abdomen
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Arteries
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blood vessels that take blood away from the heart
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Body composition
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balance between muscle and fat
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Breathe Rite
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nasal strip designed to open nasal passages to prevent snoring
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Bronchial tubes
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branch into smaller and smaller passages
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Cardiac output
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the volume of blood pumped per unit of time (L/min). CO = HR x SV
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Diastole
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the period of time when the heart fills up with blood
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Diffusion
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spread of particles from higher concentration to lower concentration
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Disciplines in Exercise Science
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biology, chemistry, physics, psychology, sociology
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Energy
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all energy originates from the sun. All energy is conserved.
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Energy systems
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ATP, Lactic Acid, Aerobic
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Factors not represented by MAX VO2
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guts, efficiency, anaerobic
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Factors that stimulate breathing
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increase in blood CO2 detected by chemoreceptors, decreased arterial O2 levels, movement, increase in body temperature, decrease in body temperature (indirect)
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Heart rate
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beats per minute
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Hematocrit
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percent of red blood cells
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Hemoglobin
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iron in red blood cells
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Hypothesis
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educated guess
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Null hypothesis
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a statement that there is no actual relationship between variables
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Lactic acid
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the production as a result of work. lactic acid is not a waste product. we can reuse lactic acid with the help of oxygen. limiting factor is the build-up of lactic acid in the muscle tissue due to the lowering of pH.
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Lung size
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grows with age, size, posture, absence of smoke/pollutants, gender
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Max VO2
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maximum capacity of an individual's body to transport and use oxygen during exercise
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Metabolism
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the set of chemical reactions that happen in the cels of living organisms to sustain life.
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Negative pressure breathing
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accomplishes inspiration by creating a negative pressure surrounding the lungs. the chest expands and causes a negative pressure inside the lungs
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Oxidation
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food in the presence of oxygen is broken down to release energy
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Pulmonic circulation
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portion of cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart
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Respiratory quotient
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RQ = CO2 produced / O2 consumed. RQ may be used to determine the type of food used.
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Scientific method
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define the problem, form hypothesis, design/perform experiments, collect data, draw conclusions
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Starling's Law
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the more blood you give to the heart, the more it will pump
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Stroke volume
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the volume of blood pumped for each beat of the heart. related to size of heart and strength of contraction
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Systemic circulation
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arteries (0.5L), capillaries (0.25L), veins (3.00L)
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Systole
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pressure during contraction, pushes out blood
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Veins
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very thin/elastic; stores a lot of blood
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Trachea
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air is filtered, mucus, cilia
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