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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is epidemiology?
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The Study of the distribution and dterminants of health related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
-Physical Activity Epiemiology is the specific investigation of the relationship between physical activity and exercise and various diseases and conditions in a population. |
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2 Fundamental Assumptions of Epidemiology
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Human disease does not occur at random.
- human disease has causal and preventive factors that can be identified through scientific investigation. |
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Physical Activity-
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Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle that results in energy expenditure.
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Exercise-
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Physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetiitive and results in the improvement or maintenance of one or more facets of physical fitness
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Risk Factors
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Biological, enviromental, and behavioral factors that are shown to increase risk of chronic disease process
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Primary Risk Factors
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-Modifiable -Non-modifiable Example- non-modifiable= Heredity Modifiable= High Blood pressure |
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Secondary Risk Factors
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Plays a role in risk development only when a related primary risk factor is present
Example- Stress, Obesity, Diabetes |
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Epidemiological Rates
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Rate- The measurement of the amount of disease in a population.
- The fraction or ratio that exists between - The number of people with the disease - The number of people in the entire population |
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Epidemoiological Rates
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Mortality Rate
Morbidity Rate |
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Mortality Rate
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Rates of death
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Morbidity Rate
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Rates of individuals with the disease
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Incidence Rates
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An estimate of the number of individuals within a population who develop that disease within a specific time period
-The speed of development of new cases per unit time. |
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Prevalence Rates
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An estimate of the number of people who already ahve the disease in a population at a particular point in time
- The number of existing cases within an existing population |
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Incidence- Prevalence Interactions
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The prevalence of a certain disease in a specific population increases if
- The number of new cases increases (incidence) -The duration of the disease increases -Both duration of disease and incidence increase |
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Biological Plausibility
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The fact that hypothesis and the relationshilp being proposed are in harmony with the existing scientific information
- Biological plausibility plays a key role in epiemiological research. |
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Confounding Variables
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--A variable with an effect that is entangled with the effect of physical activity.
-Difficult to separate the effects of the confounder from physical activity -Separation requires the use of appropriate statistical tools --Consider age and physical activity on the development of diabetes. |
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The physical Activity Survey
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--Subjective recall of the activity engaged in over a specific period of time
-Nonreactive -Practical -Applicable -Acceptable accuracy --Must be specifically designed for the type of physical activity and health outcome in question |
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Epidemiology Study Designs
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-Experimental- Powerful, Conclusive, Expensive
-Observational- Popular, Less conclusive, Easier to administer |
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Experimental Design
- Clincal Trials |
-most powerful, labor intensive of all study designs
-efforts are made to prevent or delay the onset of a disease process through a specific treatment in which a risk factor is manipulated -Individuals free from disease are randomly assigned to the intervention or control groups -Follow up assessments are made to determine the differences made through the intervention process |
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Observational Designs
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Cross sectional Design
Case control Design(rerospective) Prospective Design |
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Cross Sectional Design
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Collect information about the health outcome and the potential risk factor at the same time with the same group
Example- Diabetes status and physical activity levels in Pima Indians. |
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Retro spective Design
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Individuals with and without disease of interest are questioned about their past exposure to specifc risk factors in question.
Example- Individuals with and without diabetes were questioned about their physical levels over their lifetime. |
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Prospective Design
(Longitudinal Design) |
Strongest observational Study Method
-Identification and follow up of individuals initially free of disease of interest. -Establish if the risk factor in question significantly contributes to the causation or prevention of disease onset. |
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Advances in Physical Activity Epidemiology
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The Surgeon General's Report- 1996.
Landmark review that served as a national statement. Summarized what what know about activity status and health based on previous research. - Required reatding for exercise science students and professionals |
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The Prevalence of Physical Inactivity
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Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
- 25% of all U.S. adults do not engage in any leisure time physical activity. - this prevalence is high in minority U.S. populations |
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Addressing the Problem of Inactivity
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The "New" Exercise Guidlines
- 30 Min. or more of physical activity -25% that are inactive are at risk for disease -Greatest benefit of exercise is received by those who need it the most |
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Future Challenges
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The type, pattern, intensity, frequency, and total amount of physical activity required to receieve the physical health benefits should be clarified and specified
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