Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Three-field System
|
A rotational system of farming which became really popular in Europe during the 12th Century. This system was better for the soil because farmers would generally rotate their fields and crops to where only about 2/3 of their land was actually being plowed and harvested; preventing soil exhaustion.
|
|
|
Investiture Controversy
|
A momentus event that began in Germany during the 11th Century that referred to the impactful debate over appointments of bishops and abbots. The popes of the Holy Roman Empire challenged Germany's monarchies for the power of appointments that ended with the Concordat of Worms in 1122. Effects of the controversy left Germany a political mess and hurting for centuries to come.
|
|
|
Hugh Capet
|
The father of the epic Capetian Family that succeeded the famous Carolingian dynasty and ruled over France from the 10th to 14th Century. Capetians attributed growth of France to great military success and generally good governing.
|
|
|
William of Normandy
|
The promised heir to throne as English king after the reign of King Edward in the 11th Century. William eventually became king of England after he defeated publically elected King Harold in 1066 and gained the name "William the Conquerer". He eventually went on to usher in some reform in the old English constitutions and famously conducted a survey of England in the Domesday Book in 1086.
|
|
|
Domesday Book
|
Massive census conducted by William I (the Conquerer) in his reign of England in the 11th Century. The survey was so extensive that a comparable one was not made again until the American census of 1790.
|
|
|
Beowulf
|
Wrote anonymously in the High Middle Ages, the epic poem is considered the first classic of English literature. The poem is full of moral themes but does not present much of a Christian theme.
|
|
|
First Crusade
|
First of many crusades that in 1096 set out to retake the Holy Land of Jerusalem back from Muslim occupants and to also clear out a clear pilgrimmage path. The crusade ended in 1099 with the retaking of Jersusalem but doors were opened that would ensure more crusades in the coming years.
|
|
|
Lombard League
|
A union of Italian cities that bonded during Frederick Barbossa's attempt to control northern Italy in 1176. The league crushed German forces at the city of Legnano.
|
|
|
Thomas Becket
|
The archbishop of Canterbury who in the 12th Century began protesting that clerics should only be tried in church courts. A settlement was made by in miscommunication, Becket was murdered by the King's knights. This crime outraged the church and Henry II was forced to give some authority to Rome.
|
|
|
Magna Carta
|
A huge document written by some angry barons in 1215 that required the King to not abuse his powers and to consult the barons on any further rulings. Despite trying to get out of the dealing of the Magna Carta, King John forced to sign it in 1215 right before his death one year later.
|
|
|
Albigensian Crusade
|
Directed crusade against the heretical Cathars and opposers of Pope Innocent III's rule. Spurred on by the murder of the pope's legate, the crusade mainly lasted about 10 years in the early 13th Century.
|
|
|
Francis of Assisi
|
An Italian layman who renounced his wealth and founded a religious order dedicated to charitable works. After his death in the 13th Century, great controversies arose within his order.
|
|
|
Thomas Aquinas
|
A Dominican theologian who is thought of as the greatest of the Scholastics from 13th Century Europe. He famously and strictly followed the dialectical method of reasoning in his thousands of pages of writing.
|
|
|
Great Schism
|
The period around the turn of the 15th Century when there were 2 and then eventually 3 claimants to the papal throne; Urban VI, Clement VII, and John XXIII.
|
|
|
Council of Constance
|
General council of the church convened by the HOly Roman emperor to deal with schism and church reform. It elected Pope Martin V to officially end the Great Schism in 1417.
|
|
|
John Hus
|
Czech reformer who attacked clerical privileges and advocated church reform. He was executed as a heritic at the Council of Constance in 1415.
|
|
|
100 Years' War
|
Series of conflicts, 1337-1453 fought over English claims within the French monarchy. It ended with the nearly complete expulsion of the English from French lands.
|
|
|
Joan of Arc
|
Charismatic peasant who heard voices telling her to assist the French crown in its war against England. She was captured and eventually executed as a heretic in 1431.
|
|
|
Golden Bull
|
Edict of Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV of 1356 establishing the method of electing a new emperor. It acknowledged the political autonomy of Germany's 7 regional princes.
|
|
|
The Black Death
|
An epidemic, possibly of bubonic plague, that wiped out one-third or more or Europe's population between 1348 and 1351. It initiated almost 3 centuries of epidemics.
|
|
|
Petrarch
|
Influential poet, biographer, and humanist who strongly advocated imitation of literary and moral values of the leading Greek and Roman writers in the 14th Century.
|
|
|
Dante Alighieri
|
23
|
|
|
Lorenzo Valla
|
24
|
|
|
Machiavelli
|
A government functionary and political theorist in Florence from the the turn of the 16th Century whose most famous work, The Prince, emphasized that the successful ruler must anticipate and adapt to change.
|
|
|
Giotto
|
Known as the greatest innovater of his era at the turn of the 14th Century who traveled far and wide painting all sorts of things using new and revolutionary artistic techniques.
|
|
|
Michaelangelo
|
Widely hailed as the capstone of Renaissance art at the turn of the 16th Century, he is attributed with world contributions of the sculpture of David and his work in the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican.
|
|
|
Johann Gutenberg
|
German inventor of movable metal type. His innovations led to the publication of the first printed book in Europe, the Gutenberg Bible, in the 1450s.
|
|
|
Erasmus
|
Great scholar from the 16th Century of speciality in linguistics and writing whose contributions include a new greek translation of the bible and his satirical work in "The Praise of Folly".
|
|
|
Castiglione
|
Italian diplomat from the 16th Century who helped contribute the Book of the Courtier; a handbook for diplomacy court dealings.
|
