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265 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
T/F
Solomon Asch studied obedience in subjeccts who served as angry or euphoric confederates in his classic experiment
false
T/F
the behavior of the subjects in Solomon Asch's classic experiment occurred as a result of "diffusion of responsibility"
false
T/F
The "bystander effect" is most likely to hinder our performance of difficult tasks
false
T/F
the "teacher" received shocks in Stanley Milgram's classic experiment
false
T/F
the "teacher" was a confederate in Stanley Milgram's classic experiment
false
T/F
a "diathesis" is a biological predisposition
true
T/F
catatonia is one of the symtoms of panic disorder
false
T/F
hallucinations are categorized as one of the "positive symptoms" of schizophrenia
true
T/F
"anticipatory anxiety" is a common component of panic disorder
true
T/F
electroconvulsive therapy is an effective treatment for the symptoms of schizophrenia
false
T/F
compulsions are repetitive, uncontrollable delusional thoughts
false
T/F
The "fight-or-flight response" occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is activated
true
Kitty Genovese was discussed in relation to which of the following?
a. bystander effect
b. foot-in-the-door effect
c. deindividuation
d. social loafing
a. bystander effect
class members are asked to work cooperatively in groups on major course papers. Every member of the group is to receive exactly the same grade based on the quality of the group's paper. This situation is most likely to lead to _________ ________.
social loafing
Conformity resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval is said to be a response to ___________ _________ ____________.
normative social influence
individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. this change in behavior is best understood in terms of _____________.
deindividuation
"diffusion of responsibility" was discussed as a contributor to which of the following?
a. social facilitation
b. social inhibition
c. deindividuation
d. ingroup bias
c. deindividuation
Norman Triplett observed that adolescents wound a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone working simultaneously on the same task. This best illustrates ________ ________.
social facilitation
Soloman Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines.....
even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.
an elderly woman fell on a busy sidewalk and broke her leg. Although hundreds of pedestrians saw her lying on the ground, most failed to recognize that she was in need of medical assistance. Their oversight best illustrates one of the dynamics involved in the __________ __________.
bystander effect
the presence of others __________ a person's performance on easy, well-learned tasks and __________ a person's performance of difficult, unfamiliar tasks
improves.....hinders
the best explanation for the inaction of those who heard the screams of Kitty Genovese is that they failed to .....
assume personal responsibility for helping the victim
For the last month, Gabrielle has felt lethargic and has been unable to get out of bed in the morning. She has withdrawn from friends and family because she feels worthless and unlovable. Gabrielle is most likely suffering from _________ _________.
unipolar disorder
which of the following disorders is classified as a mood disorder?
a. bipolar disorder
b. panic disorder
c. phobic disorder
d. schizophrenia
a. bipolar disorder
schizophrenia is most likely to be characterized by .....
disorganized and fragmented thinking
Incapacitating efforts to avoid specific anxiety-producing situations is most indicative of certain _________.
phobias
A tendency to remain motionless for long periods of time is most common among those with ________ schizophrenia.
catatonic
A generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by .....
a continuous state of tension, agitation, and apprehension
poor judgment is most likely to result in careless behavior during ________ ________.
manic episodes
Delusions are most common among those with _________ schizophrenia.
paranoid
An incapacitating and highly distressing fear about being embarrassed in the presence of others is most characteristic of __________ ________.
social phobia
Which of the following treatments is recommended for unipolar disorder?
a. dopamine antagonists
b. glutamine agonists
c. cognitive therapy
d. the prefrontal lobotomy
c. cognitive therapy
Episodes of intense dread that last for several minutes and are accompanied by shortness of breath, trembling, dizziness, or hear palpitations are most characteristic of a(n) __________ __________.
panic disorder
one of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia is...
a. loud and meaningless talking
b. inappropriate laughter
c. uncontrollable outbursts of rage
d. an expressionless face
d. an expressionless face
the billionaire aviator Howard Hughes insisted that his assistants carry out elaborate handwashing rituals and wear white gloves when handling any document he would later touch. His behavior best illistrates symptoms of _________-__________ ________.
obsessive-compulsive disorder
a man who believes that he has the power of invisibility most likely suffers from ____________.
schizophrenia
the "dopamine hypothesis" was discussed in relation to which of the following disorders?
a. bipolar disorder
b. generalized anxiety disorder
c. schizophrenia
d. unipolar disorder
c. schizophrenia
which of the following came up as part of our discussion of the treatment for bipolar disorder?
a. acetylcholine
b. glutamate
c. lithium
d. serotonin
c. lithium
which of the following came up as part of our discussion of the treatment for unipolar disorder?
a. systematic desensitization
b. dopamine antagonists
c. anticonvulsant drugs
d. electroconvulsive therapy
d. electroconvulsive therapy
which neurotransmitter has been implicated in depression?
a. acetylcholine
b. glutamate
c. lithium
d. serotonin
d. serotonin
T/F
The science of psychology was first established by Wilhelm Wundt.
true
T/F
The inferiority complex was proposed by Carl Rogers
false
T/F
The humanistic perspective emphasizes the unconscious motivations behind out behaviors
false
T/F
Karen Horney was a humanistic psychologists
false
T/F
Abraham Maslow was a humanistic psychologist
true
T/F
H.M. was a patient of Josef Breuer
false
T/F
H.M.'s hippocampus was removed as a treatment for his epilepsy
true
T/F
Your ability to quickly type out text messages on your cell phone is an example of impliit memory
true
T/F
Your ability to remember the date of your birth is an example of iconic memory
false
T/F
the id operates according to the "reality principle"
false
T/F
According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the ego to defend against anxiety
true
T/F
pushing painful or dangerous thoughts or memories out of consciousness is called repression
true
Alfred Adler emphasized the importance of .....
striving for superiority
Carl Jung proposed which concept?
collective unconscious
the phenomenon called "bystander apathy" was proposed to explain what happened to ______ ________.
Kitty Genovese
which of the following individuals was NOT a neo-Freudian psychologist?
a. Carl Rogers
b. Carl Jung
c. Karen Horney
d. Alfred Adler
a. Carl Rogers
define "unconscious"
the part of the mind of which we are unaware
according to Freud, the behavior of a newborn infant is controlled by the ________.
id
according to Freud, the personality system that represents our sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards and morals is the ________.
superego
a person is hungry and has no money. The easiest way for him to obtain food is to shoplift it from a grocery store. According to Freud's theory, which part of personality tries to come up with a compromise that satisfies the man's hunger as well as his sense of right versus wrong?
ego
Freud proposed five stages of psychosexual development. Which was the 4th stage?
latency
during the latency stage of the psychosexual development, there is no _________ ___________.
erogenous zone
during the phallic stage of psychosexual development, the __________ __________ occurs in boys.
oedipus complex
according to Freud, the superego develops as a result of the process of __________.
identification
coping with anxiety by retreating to behavior patterns characteristic of an earlier, more infantile stage of development is called _________.
regression
reaction formation refers to the process by which people......
consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable, unconscious impulses
displacement refers to the process by which people.....
redirect aggressive impulses toward less threatening targets
if Freud treated an obsessively-clean and orderly patient, he would most likely have explained his behavior a resulting from fixation during which stage?
anal
if Freud treated a flirtaceous, seductive female patient, he would most likely have explained her behavior as resulting from a fixation during which stage?
phallic
which perspective focuses on the effects of the environment on behavior?
behavioral
which perspective is said to have experienced a "revolution" when computers became popular?
cognitive
a psychologist who focuses on the influence of our chromosomal makeup on behavior adheres to which perspective?
biological
which of the following terms is commonly applied to short-term memory?
a. episodic memory
b. procedural memory
c. semantic memory
d. working memory
d. working memory
the average capacity of ______-_____ _______ is 5 to 9 bits of information.
short-term memory
echoic memory is a type of _______ ________
sensory memory
perceptual memory is a type of ________ ________
implicit memory
remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illistrates ________ memory
implicit
memories for events that we have personally experienced are called __________ memories
episodic
iconic memory is to echoic memory as _________ is to __________.
a. short-term memory.....long-term memory
b. explicit memory.....implicit memory
c. visual stimulation .....auditory stimulation
d. automatic processing...effortful processing
c. visual stimulation ....auditory stimulation
how long does short-term memory last?
20 seconds
the process of encoding refers to...
getting information into memory
________ ________ occurs when shot-term memories are not effectively consolidated into long-term memories
anterograde amnesia
after a blow to the head during a car accident, you can't remember events that occurred in the hours leading up to the accident. this is an example ________ _________.
retograde amnesia
which form of memory was not impaired by H.M.'s surgery?
a. episodic memory
b. explicit memory
c. sematic memory
d. short-term memory
d. short-term memory
an alzheimer's disease patient is most likely to display what during the final stages of the disease?
both anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia
T/F
Piaget proposed that object permanence develops during the sensorimotor stage
true
T/F
Piaget proposed that thinking is most egocentric during the concrete operational stage
false
T/F
An automatic, reflexive response to a stimulus is called an "unconditioned response"
true
T/F
reinforcement and punishment are the two forms of classical conditioning
false
T/F
Ivan Pavlov invented the operant chamber
false
T/F
in operant conditioning terminology, the word "negative' refers to the removal of a stimulus
true
T/F
the frequency of a behavior is decreased as a result of negative reinforcement
false
T/F
the definitional approach is the most commonly-utilized approach to concept formation
false
T/F
the algorithmic approach is the most commonly-utilized approach to concept formation
false
T/F
the confirmaton bias leads us to underestimate the accuracy of our own beliefs and knowledge
false
T/F
the representativeness heuristic leads us to overestimate the accuracy of our own memories
false
In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the conditioned response was.....
salivation to the tone
if a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the unconditioned response is the.....
salivation to the food in the mouth
your response to a mild stimulus decreses as the stimulous is repeatedly presented. What form of learning has occurred?
habituation
through what process do we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder?
classical conditioning
In _______ _______, we learn by observing the consequences of someone else's behavior.
vicarious learning
the process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called _________.
shaping
the stage of classical conditioning in which a response to a neutral stimulus is established and gradually strengthened is called __________
acquisition
spontaneous recovery refers to the ........
reappearance, after a rest pause, or an extinguished conditioned reponse
when a CS is not paired with a UCS, the subsequent fading of a CR is called _________.
extinction
if oyur use of Tylenol increases because Tylenol makes your headaches go away, __________ ___________ occurred.
negative reinforcement
gamblers who insert coins in a slot machine are reinforced on a __________-_______ schedule
variable-ratio
a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)....
unpredictable time period has passed
a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n).....
specified number of responses has been made
on the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforfced on a _________-_______ schedule.
variable-interval
if children cannot grasp the concept of conservation, they are unable to.....
recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape or appearance
Lisa attempts to retrieve her bottle after her father hides it under a blanket. This suggests that Lisa has developed a sense of _______ _______.
object permanence
concepts or frameworks for organizing and interpreting information
schemata
incorporating new information into existing schemata is called ________.
assimilation
based on his experience, a child defines animals as having four legs. When the child is told that a spider is an animal, he must adjust his definition of an animal as having four legs. this adjustment is referred to as _________.
accommodation
the earliest stage of cognitive development is called the ______ stage.
sensorimotor
the _______ stage of cognitive development immediately follows the ______ stage
preoperational.....sensorimotor
what is the earliest stage in which children understand the concept of conservation?
concrete operational
stranger anxiety develops during the _______ stage
sensorimotor
during which stage are children's thoughts entirely limited to their perceptions and actions?
sensorimotor
abstract, hypothetical reasoning is first possible during the _________ _______ stage
formal operational
in comparison to an algorithm, a heuristic has what benefit?
it saves time
what might lead an individual to overestimate the likelihood of unusual events and underestimate the likelihood of common events?
availability heuristic
confirmation bias was illustrated during class with what problem?
the Four-cards problem
consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as "75 percent lean" than to ground beef described as "25 percent fat." This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by _________
framing
what does the nervous system do?
-receives information through senses
-processes information
-moves information from one place to another
what does a neuron do?
receives and processes information
there are 10x more ______ _______ than neurons
flial cells
has a support structure and provides nutrients to neurons
glia
what does a motor neuron do?
forms junction with muscle fiber causing muscle to retract
what do dendrites do?
receives information
-not all neurons have one
-can be quite long
-sends information through electrical impulses
axons
where are axon branches located?
at the end of an axon
junction between two neurons
synapse
it sends information out of the synapse
presynaptic neuron
receives information into the synapse
postsynaptic neuron
brain and spinal chord each encased in bone
central nervous system
-all parts of neurons outside the spinal chord and brain
-made up of nerves
peripheral nervous system
what do cranial nerves deal with?
head and face
what do spinal nerves deal with?
everything besides the head and face
-brings sensory info into brain and spinal chord
-moves motor info out
somatic nervous system
controls activity of the internal organs and glands
autonomic nervous system
"fight or flight" system

i.e. sweating, fast heart rate, decrease in digestive activity
sympathetic nervous system
slows heart rate and senses
parasympathetic nervous system
moves axons up and down tow deliver motor information down and sensory information up
spinal chord
severed nerve causing paralysis in the lower body
paraplegia
severed nerve causing paralysis in the upper body
quadripledia
the Hindbrain includes.....
-medula
-pons ("bridge")
-cerebellum
the midbrain includes.....
-superior culliculi
-inferior culliculi
the forebrain includes.....
-hypothalamus
-thalamus
-basal ganglia
-limbic system
-cerebral cortex
medulla controls ________ ________
vital reflexes
most information travels through the _______
pons
cerebellum controls .....
balance, movement, timing, and speed of reflex
superior culliculi controls the ___________ ________
visual reflexes
inferior culliculi controls the ________ ________
auditory reflexes
hypothalamus controls __________ ________
motivated bahaviors (i.e. thirst)
sensory relay nucleus, relayed to cerebral cortex
thalamus
basal ganglia controls......
voluntary movements
limbic system controls....
emotions
single fold in the cerebral cortex
gyrus
groove between two folds in the cerebral cortex
sulcus
occipital lobes controls the _______ _______
visual cortex
parietal lobes coltrols ____ _______ / ________
skin senses / touch
frontal lobe controls ________ _______
motor cortext
Wernicks area is located in the _________ ________
temporal lobe
Brocas area is located in the _______ ________
frontal lobe
difficulty producing language
Brocas aphasia
difficulty understanding language
wenicks aphasia
large bundle of fibers that keeps the two hemispheres of the brain in communication with each other
corpus callosum
-surrounds all parts of neuron
-made up of two layers of fat with embedded proteins
-separates the inside of the neuron from the outside including ions and fluids
membrane
charged molecules that are the basis for electrical signaling
ions
ions outside the neuron
Na+ sodium ions
Cl- chloride ions
ions inside the neuron
K+ potassium ion
A- proteins
a difference in charge between the inside and the outside of a neuron at rest
resting membrane potential
the minimum stimulation required to generate an action potential
threshold stimulation
brings it closer to threshold making action more likely
exitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
does opposite of the EPSP
inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
causes an opening of ion channels causing a new charge

i.e. dopamine, serotonin
neurotransmitters
increases the activity of the receiving neuron
(primary - glutamate)
exitatory neurotransmitter
decreaseas the activity of the receiving neuron
(primary - GABA)
inhibitory neurotransmitter
mimics or facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter
agonist drug
blocks the effects of a particular neurotransmitter
antagonist drug
generally increases neural activity in the central nervous system

caffeine, nicotine, cocaine
stimulants
generally decreases neural activity in the central nervous system

cannabis, alcohol, tranquilizer
depressants
effects endorphins as agonists

morphine, heroin
opiates
changes the way we perceive things

shrooms, acid, LSD
hallucinogens
old is changed by new
accomodation
new information fits existing schemata
assimilation
no punishment / reinforcement
parenting style: permissive
almost to strict > no explanation for consequences
parenting style: authoritarian
consequences for behaviors but there is communication and explained
parenting style: authorative
focusing on how social, motor, perception, cognitive development changes during life
developmental psychology
a response is reinforced only after an unpredictable time period has passed > pop quizzes
variable interval
time doesn't change
fixed interval
which two perspectives were humanistic psychologists reacting against?
cognitive and behavioral
Wilhelm Wundts laboratory work involved experimental sutdies of.....
reactions to sensory stimulation
view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known as __________ _________
humanistic psychology
the distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on ________ __________
unconscious conflicts
why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others
social psychology
clinical psychologists specialize in ......
providing therapy to troubled people
psychiatrists have a _______ ________
medical degree
the retention of encoded information over time refers to ___________
storage
process of getting information out of memory is _________
retrieval
the organization of information into meaningful units
chunking
sensory memory of visual stimuli is _____ _____
iconic memory
the hippocampus plays a critical role in _________ _______
explicit memory
therapist tells patient to relax, close his eyes and state aloud what thoughts came to mind
free association
forgotten memories we can easily recall
preconscious
the remembered events and images in our dreams were a censored expression of the dreams __________ __________
collective unconscious
part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification
id
girls unconscious sexual desires for their father
electra complex
process of identification is most directly responsible for the development of the _________ _______
oedipus complex
orally fixated adults are likely to exhibit _______ ________
passive dependence
refusing to believe or even to perceive painful realities constitutes the defense mechanism
denial
Alfred Adler coined the term _____ ______
inferiority complex
Karen Horney disputed Freuds assumption that .........
women have stronger sexual instincts than men
Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied their need for _________-__________
self-actualization
Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as a ________ ______
peak experience
communication within neurons
communicate information by electrical signals
communication between neurons
synaptic-transmission by chemical signals (neurotransmitters)
brain is not very active
1. high amplitude
2. low frequency
synchronized neural activity
brain is active
1. low amplitude
2. high frequency
desynchronized neural activity
EEG waves:
beta
alert wakefulness + REM
EEG waves:
alpha
relaxed wakefulness
EEG waves:
theta
stages 1 and 2
EEG waves:
delta
stages 3 and 4
REM wave
mix between beta and theta
sleep apnea
stops breathing
-damage to pons
-narcolepsy
-sleep attack
-cataplexy
-sleep paralysis
-hyphogogic hallucinations
REM sleep behavior disorders
attack of motor paralysis while awake
cataplexy
awake but paralyzed
sleep paralysis
dream like sensations while paralyzed / stage 1
hyphogogic hallucinations
electrodes posted to scalp record the general activity of cerebral cortex
electroencephalograph (EEG)
posted around the eyes, record muscle movement
electrooculogram (EOG)
posted to chin
electromyogram (EMG)
the physiological process that happens in a day (body temp)
circadian rhythm
brain activity is slower but still have some idea of surroundings; easy to be awakened
sleep stage 1
light sleep, easy to make transition
sleep stage 2
low levels of activity in brain, heavy, deep sleep
sleep stage 3
deep, restorative sleep, breathing and heart rate slow
sleep stage 4
very fast brain activity
-dreams
-sleep walk / talk
REM sleep
information coming to brain / spinal chord and information going out to muscles
somatic nervous system
control activity of internal organs
autonomic nervous system
surrounds all the parts of the neuron: made up of two layers of fat embedded with proteins. It keeps certain things in or out of neuron
action potential
something we are not currently aware of, but it is accessible
preconcious mind
we invent an acceptable reason for an unacceptable behavior
rationalization
patient of Breuer with serious hysteria. used hypnosis
Anna O
part of the body from which derive pleasure
erogenous zone
pushing painful or dangerous thoughts or memories out of consciousness
repression
the refusal to believe information that provokes anxiety
denial
we make excuses for ourselves and we believe these excuses
rationalization
we displace the hostility and discharge it on something besides the sourse
displacement
we return to a juvenile level of functioning to escape current anxiety
regression
we attribute our own undesirable characteristics to someone else
projection
we replace an anxiety provoking idea with it's opposite
reaction formation
Neo-freudians (3 names)
Karen horney
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
shortest form (1-2 seconds) - we are not aware of it; current senses
sensory memory
long term memories that we can readily bring to mind and put into words
explicit memory
long term memories that we cannot readily bring to mind or put into words
implicit memories
memories from personal experiences
episodic memories
factual information that we can readily bring to mend and put into words
semantic memories
memories for skills (learning)
procedural memories
recognition of something
perceptual memories
the inability to remember events that happened before the brain damage occurred
retrograde amnesia
the inability to recall events occuring after the onset of brain damage
anterograde amnesia