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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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filler
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filler
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Ossicles vibrate onto what?
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Oval window membrane
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Oval membrane vibrates onto what?
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Cochlear fluid
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What does the fluid in the cochlea send information to?
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Auditory receptors in cochlea
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Auditory receptors in cochlea go send information to what?
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Brain stem neurons
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Brain stem neurons synapse onto what (hearing)?
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Thalamus MGN (medial geniculate nucleus)
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Thalamus MGN projects to where?
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Auditory Cortex
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What is the point of the ossicles?
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To amplify air pressure so that the fluid in the cochlea can pick up on the vibration
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What muscle goes to the Stapes (stirrup)?
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Stapedius muscle
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What muscle goes to the malleus (hammer)?
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Tensor Tympani muscle
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What is the attenuation relex?
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When their is a loud sound, ossicles become very rigid and don't amplify sound as much. Keeps auditory hair cells safe
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3 fluid-filled canals of the cochlea?
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Scala Vestibuli, Scala Media, Scala Tympani
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Which canals does perilymph fill?
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Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani
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What canal does endolymph fill?
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Scala media
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Concentration of the Perilymph?
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Low K^+, High Na^+
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Concentration of Endolymph?
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High K^+, Low Na^+
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What is unique about Scala Vestibuli and Scala Tympani?
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Connected by helicotrema
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What is the endolymph maintained by?
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Stria Vascularis Cells
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Where are lowest frequencies perceived in the cochlea?
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As far back as possible
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What is the width like for the Basilar membrane?
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Narrow near the base, wide at the apex
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What is stiffness like for the basilar membrane?
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Increases in stiffness the closer to the base it gets
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What causes fluid movement within the cochlea?
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Movement of the stapes
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Two types of hair cells?
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Outer and inner hair cells
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What does every hair cell have for detecting vibrations?
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100 hair-like sterocilia
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What does auditory hair cells lack that vestibular hair cells had?
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Kinocilia
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Row arrangement of inner hair cells?
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One row
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Row arrangement of Outer hair cells?
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3 rows
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Rods of corti do what?
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Span two membranes (reticular lamina and basilar membrane) and support the two
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Where are hair cells located in relation to the reticular lamina and basilar membrane?
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Literally sandwiched in between them
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Where do stereocilia extend to for inner hair cells?
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Extend till right before the tectorial membrane
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Where do sterocilia extend to for outer hair cells?
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Extend until the tips are just inside tectorial membrane
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Where is inner hair cells found?
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Between Corti Rod and Modiolus
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Where are outer hair cells found?
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Other side of Corti rod from inner hair cells
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Upward defelction (of basilar membrane) results in what kind of bend in the hair cells?
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outward bend
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downward defelction (of basilar membrane) results in what kind of bend in the hair cells?
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inward bend
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What is unique for auditory hair cells in relation to sound waves?
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Hair cells will hyperpolarize and depolarize because of the wave form of sound and the movement it causes cochlear fluid
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How many outer hair cells does one spiral ganglion cell receive input from?
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Multiple
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How many spiral ganglion cells receive input from one inner hair cell?
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Many (about 10)
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How many spiral ganglion cells per ear?
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35-50,000
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Ultimate point of outer hair cells?
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To help with amplification of sound waves so the inner hair cells can better receive the signal
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First part in auditory signal transduction?
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Stretch-activated gated channels open based on fluid movement in cochlea
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What does straight up and down cilia mean in relation to transduction for hearing?
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Channels are partially open so there is a leak of Calcium into the cell
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Ca^2+ influx in auditory hair cell does what for cell?
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Causes depolarization
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What does depolarization do for auditory hair cells?
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Activates Calcium gated-calcium channels
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The newly influxed Ca^2+ from depolarization in auditory hair cell does what?
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Fuses vesicles to membrane to release neurotransmitter
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Bend Cilia towards kinocilia does what (hearing)?
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opens stretch-activated channels more to allow in more Ca^2+ and eventually cause depolarization
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Bend cilia away from kinocilia does what (hearing)?
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Closes stretch-activated channels and doesn't allow Ca^2+ into cell and causes hyperpolarization
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What is sound?
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Variations in air pressure that can be heard
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What is one cycle of air?
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distance between patches of air
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What is frequency?
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Number of cycles in one second (Hz)
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What is high pitch/frequency on a graph?
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Small period
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What is high loudness/intensity on a graph?
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Larger amplitude
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Human audible range?
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20-20,000 Hz
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What does ultrasound mean?
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Higher than 20,000 Hz
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What does infrasound mean?
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Lower than 20 Hz
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How is sound pressure measured?
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Decibels
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What is 0 decibels at?
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Human auditory level
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Pain decibel and hair cell death level?
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130 and 180 dB
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3 divisions in the ear?
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Outer, middle and inner ear
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What makes up the Ossicles (3)?
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Hammer, anvil and stirrup
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Order of Ossciles from outer ear to inner ear?
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Hammer, anvil and stirrup
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Sound wave first hits what part of the ear?
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Tympanic membrane
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Where does the tympanic membrane vibrations go?
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To the ossicles
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