Final Bio

Front 1

All the elements in the Periodic Table are formed in the star. Briefly describe the steps in the process of creating these elements.

Back 1

1. Stars obtain its energy by the fusion of hydrogen to form helium
2. As hydrogen is gradually exhausted, helium is fused to form carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and other heavier elements
3. When iron is formed, the star has no more fuel to burn and begins to die
4. The dying star first collapses before turning into a super nova and explodes
5. The energy of the super nova breaks through the iron barrier to form the remaining elements in the periodic table

Front 2

In 1978 the first "test tube" baby was born and since then, in virto fertilization (IVF) has become a mainstream procedure. Explain how IVF works in detail. Discuss 2 reasons why this procedure was so important.

Back 2

A) First the female's ovaries are stimulated by hormones, which causes the release of multiple eggs. The eggs are then collected using an ultrasonic needle that pierces the vaginal wall. Each egg is then incubated in a Petri dish with growth media in a ratio of 1:75,000 sperm cells that have been collected from the male. Once fertilized the zygote begins to divide. In 3 days they become tiny embryos consisting of 6-9 cells and are ready to be transferred to the female's uterus.
B) It demonstrates how human life originates and provides an example of how nature can be manipulated by technology.

Front 3

What is the general chemical composition of living organisms?

Back 3

The primary elements that make up living organisms are hydrogen, oxygen and carbon, combining for 75 percent of all atoms. Other elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur are also found in living organisms. These elemental concentrations vary from the compositions of both the Earth itself and from the compositions of the universe as a whole.

Front 4

What is the evidence in support of the Big Band?

Back 4

A first line of evidence came from Edwin Hubble who noticed that galazies are moving away from one another at very rapid speed. This would correspond with a small point of mass and energy exploding all of the matter is still moving away from that point. Einstein's E=mc2 also supports the theory. This equation allows for a very small point to contain huge amounts of mass and energy, which could be released in a Big Band like event.

Front 5

Name three sources of organic material from space that have contributed to the building blocks of life on Earth.

Back 5

Meteorites: The chemical compositions of some meteorites are rich in organic materials, including 70 different kinds of amino acids. This finding raised the possibility that during the heavy bombardment of the infant Earth, meteorites, comets, and asteroids played a significant role in filling the Earth's surface with the organic building blocks that are necessary for life.

Star Dust: In addition to large objects, Earth is showered with small specks of meteorites measuring less than 1mm wide. This idea suggests that the delivery of organic compounds from space has occurred throughout the entire history of the Earth. This material is a rich mixture of organic compounds.

Comets: The collision of meteorite impact with the Earth could elad to the formation of organic compounds. These collisions could produce amino acids and complex peptides, which when joined together form proteins.

Front 6

The technique called ____ fertilization has been used for about 30 years to assist couples who have had difficulties in having children of their own.

Back 6

IVF

Front 7

The vitro fertilization is when the ___ is fertilized ouside of the _____.

Back 7

egg, uterus

Front 8

The _____ experiment was conducted by a graduate student in 1953 who demonstrated that the early Earth could have produced compounds, like amino acids, necessary for life.

Back 8

Miller-Urey

Front 9

The collisions of _____ with Earth have been shown to cause the formation of peptides, the chemicals which make up proteins.

Back 9

comets

Front 10

Three basic characteristics of life include the abilities to ___, ___, and ___.

Back 10

use energy, reproduce, evolve

Front 11

The formation of _____, which surround all cells and act as a container for life, has been accomplished by scientists interested in the formation of early life on Earth.

Back 11

membranes

Front 12

Once all elements in the center of a star have been utilized for energy, the star reaches the _____ barrier.

Back 12

iron?

Front 13

In order for heavy elements to be produced, a star must _____, which generates tremendous heat allowing for the formation of many of the elements found in the universe.

Back 13

explode

Front 14

A ___ can be made by stringing together the correct sequence of nucleoties together.

Back 14

gene

Front 15

The 3 requirements of life include energy for growth and change, to _____ & _____.

Back 15

reproduce, evolve

Front 16

Stars are formed by the fusion of 3 _____ nuclei to produce carbon.

Back 16

helium

Front 17

A star explosion, known as _____ _____, occurs when _____ cannot be further fused.

Back 17

super nova, iron

Front 18

All of the hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron in our body come from _____ _____ that was released by stars upon their death.

Back 18

star dust

Front 19

Living organisms are composed of 49% _____, 24% _____ and 24% oxygen.

Back 19

hydrogen, carbon

Front 20

The theory that life arose on Earth from organic building blocks that were present in the water on Earth's surfce is known as the _____ hypothesis.

Back 20

abiogenesis

Front 21

In her experiments, Jennifer Black demonstrated that the intense heat and pressures meteorites experience during entry into Earth's atmosphere actually causes amino acids in a meteorite to form _____.

Back 21

polypeptides

Front 22

Energy powers life through the inter-conversion of water and carbon dioxide to form _____.

Back 22

carbohydrates