Final Bio 1A Lec 37

Front 1

[GAS EXCHANGE] In the lungs there's _____, air sac

Back 1

alveoli

Front 2

Carbon dioxide diffuses from _____, across the _____ and back into the air space

Back 2

capillaries, alveoli epithelium

Front 3

what drive gases diffusion down the pressure gradients

Back 3

diffusion from areas of higher partial pressure to lower pressure

**accounts for movement of respiratory

Front 4

____ subunits of hemoglobin act cooperatively to bind oxyge

Back 4

four

Front 5

conformational change that increases affinity for additional oxgen is called

Back 5

positive cooperativety

Front 6

release of oxygen in one of the four subunits cuases

Back 6

conformational change that reduces affinity for oxygen

Front 7

if you do extreme exercise your blood becomes

Back 7

*more acidic
*release more oxygen

Front 8

how does oxygen move?

Back 8

they bound to hemoglobin

Front 9

how od CO2 move?

Back 9

CO2 produced by body tissue---> diffuse into interstial fluid---> plasma---> RBC----> CO2 react w/ H2O forms carbonic acid H2CO3 (rxn is catalyzed by carboni anhydrase)---> dissociates into bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and H+ ----> hemoglobin binds to H+ (this changes the hemoglobin affinity for O2, allowing it to release O2) ----> while HCO3- --->plasma---> bloodstream of the lungs----> HCO3- combine w/ H+ (RBC) ---> H2CO3 is released from (RBC)----> convert back to CO2 + H2O (through carbonic anhydrase) ----> alveoli--> air

Front 10

wht is sicle-cell anaemia?

Back 10

is a blood disoder-- due to abnormal red blood cell (that are rigid sickle shape) = restricted thier flexibility + movement depriving downstream tissue of oxygen

Front 11

[EXECRETORY SYSTEM: Kidney function] Filtration

Back 11

selectively premeable membranes

**retain proteins and other large molecules

Front 12

filtrate then goes into and through an ____

Back 12

excretory tubule

Front 13

Kidney aka the "Plumbling system". what are the basic unit of a kidney

Back 13

*Nephron
*Collecting duct

Front 14

Give the order of the Nephron structure starting with the afferent arteriole to the collecting duct:

Back 14

afferent arteriole---> Bowman's capsule ---> proximal tubule ---> descending limp of loop of henle---> loop of Henle ---> ascending limp---> distal tuble ---> collecting duct

Front 15

Which parts of the nephron does filtration?

Back 15

glomerulus/bowmen's capsule

Front 16

which parts of the nephron preform reabsorption?

Back 16

*proximal and distal tubules *loop of Henle

Front 17

Which part of the nephron does Secretion

Back 17

proxmal and distal tubles

Front 18

what is the role of the loop of henle

Back 18

change the interstitial fluids to set up a gradiants (a concentrated gradient of solutes)

Front 19

Interstitial fluid is 300 mosmolar and blood coming in is also 300 mosmolar. As you go down the collecting duct the interstial fluid is ______

Back 19

4X more concentrated

Front 20

The gradient form an interstitial fluid which is then in _____

Back 20

equilibrium with the filtrate

Front 21

[how does gradient work] the descending limb of Henle is ___ premeable but not premeable to ____

Back 21

H2O premeable
not premeable to NaCl

Front 22

Ascending limb pumps out _____

Back 22

NaCl

Front 23

The collecting duct is where the immediate action takes place the collecting ducts pumps out lots of ____ and some ____

Back 23

H2O
urea

Front 24

Overall kidney regulates

Back 24

osmolarity and blood pressure

Front 25

How do you get high blood osmolarity

Back 25

dehydration and salty food

Front 26

what senes that you are dehydrated or has eaten salty salt

Back 26

Hypothymus-- osmoreceptors

Front 27

Give the process of High blood osmolarity. (2 process)

Back 27

salty food/dehydration--->hypothylmus---> signal (thirsty)--> drink H2O---> reduce osmolarity

**hypothymus--> secretes Anti-diurectic hormone (ADH)---> postior pituatory gland (for storage and secretion)----> sends out ADH---> binds to receptor in collecting duct (becomes more H2O premeable)---> produce lots of H2O---> reduce osmolarity

Front 28

When you have extreme blood loss from cut or extreme dehydration what happen

Back 28

changes in blood presure or volume

**so you want to raise blood pressure

Front 29

What sense this (extreme blood loss)

Back 29

the Juxta Glamerular apparatus (near the afferent anterior)

Front 30

Give the hormonal process or pathway of changes in blood pressure and volume

Back 30

Juxta glomerular apparatus---> produce a protease called Renin (its substrate is Angiotensianogen)---> Renin converts angiotensianogen (inactive) to angiotensin I (10 amino acid)-----> it goes through an enzyme called Angiotensin 1 Converting Enzyme (in the lung vessel)---> get Angiotension II (8AA)

1. angiotension II binds to a receptor---> causes arteriole constrition---> incr. pressure

or

2. Angiotension II----> binds to receptors in Adrenal cortex---> makes steroids hormone called mineralocorticoids----> binds to receptors in the distal and proximal tubules---> cause reabsorption of Na+ and H2O---> increase volume of volume

Front 31

where will you alter to reduce blood pressure?

Back 31

*inhibits the Angiotension converting enzyme
**antagonist for antengiotension II

Front 32

[Immune System] name of of the non-specific immune system that are involve in fighting agianst infectious disease

Back 32

-skin
-phagocytic leukocytes-- egulf
-natural killer cells
-anti-microbial proteins

Front 33

Specific immune system

Back 33

lymphocytes: B cells and T cells

Front 34

Bone marrow stem cells branched to lymphoid stem cells it mature in the ____ to prouduce ____

Back 34

thymus
T cell

Front 35

Bone marrow produces B-cell where does it mature b/f transport

Back 35

partially mature in the bone marrow

Front 36

Where do these cells attach

Back 36

attack specific part of the molecule

**viral protein has a specific part called the antigen

**antibodies will recognize the antigen regardless if its inside or outside in the virus