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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does system communicate w/ each other?
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Capillaries
note: leaky; made up of simple squamous = allows movement in and out |
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Adipose tissue makes a hormone called _____
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leptin
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what does leptin do?
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stimulates certain hormone resulting in a decrease in apetite
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mice not producing leptin are _____
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obese
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give the process of decreases and increase in apetite
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Adipose--->high level of leptin--->goes to the brain----> decrease appetite and incr. muscle activity
wheres low leptin--> incr. appetite--> result in weight gain |
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[DIGESTION SYSTEM] give the process of digestion
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ingestion-- take in food
digestion-- hydrolysis absorption-- take in nutrients etc. elimination |
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what is Alimentary Canal?
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complete digestive tract
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what are sphincters?
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ringlike valves that close off and regulate passage of material b/w chambers of the canal
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[Mammalian Digestive system] named the three important part of the digestive system
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mouth--->stomach--->intestine
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process of digestion: start w/ food in the mouth to the stomach
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food--->MOUTH--->salivary gland break down food to the PHARYNX--->ESOPHAGUS-->BOLUS-BALL OF FOOD--->SPHINCTERS (separate esophagus from stomach)---> STOMACH
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salivary gland have an enzyme called _____
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amylase---> breaks down sugar
**polysaccharides---> di- and monosaccharides |
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Salivary glands also contain mucin. What is the purpose of mucin?
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provide buffering and lubrication
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process of digestion: starting from stomach to small intestine
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food bolus---> stomach (low pH) ---> enzymes called pesin break down food and bring down HCl-----> end up w/ acid chyme---> sphincter (posterior stomach) ---> small intestine
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[the digestion process of stomach to acid chyme] What is the precursor to the enzyme pepsin?
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pepsinogen (inactive form)
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what secretes Pepsinogen?
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Chief cells
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what secrete HCl?
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parietal cells
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What makes the conversion of pepsinogen (inactive) ---> pesin (active?
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HCl ---> its the acid that changes the structure of pesinogen to pesin
**pesin also gives positive feedback and recognizes pepsinogen as a substrate |
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the chief cells and parietal cells are the _____
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inner lining of the stomach
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digestion process: from small intestine to elimination
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acid chyme--> small intestine (duodenum) various enzymes secreted into here---> Jejunum (absorption)---> ileum (absorption)---> large intestine (colon--absorb water)---> elimination
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in the small intestine various enzymes is scecreted into lumen of duodenum: where are these enzymes secreted from? and what do they secrete?
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Pancreas---> various enzymes: protease, trysin, also produce sodium biocarbonate (NaHCO3)
*Liver (bile production)---> gall bladder (stores bile)---> produces bile |
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Overall we have how many sphincters?
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3
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[hormones in digestion] food bolus interacts w/ the stomach lining (epithelium) and some cells produced hormone called ______
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gastrin
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gastrin binds to nearby cell and make it produces
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gastric juice
**provides an environment for all digestion to happen |
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Acidic chyme plays a similar role--> causes the duodenum cells to produce hormone called ____
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secretin
Cholecystokinin (CCK) |
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secretin binds to receptor in the _____
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pancreas
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pancreas cells secretes ____
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**NaHCO3- (sodium carbonate)
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CCK produces from the duodenum also binds to receptor in the pancreas and the pancreas secretes ____
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all other enzymes
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CCK also binds to receptors in the _____ and stimulate the secretion of ____
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gall bladder
secrete bile |
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[Absorption in the Jejunum and ileum] absorption takes place at these structure called ____
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villi
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within villi the jejunum and ileum have _____ epithelial cells
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columnar
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____ increases surface area for digestion
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microvilli
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how do the the doudenum and ileum brings in nutrients?
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nutritients---> epithelial---> capillaries--> system
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villi connections to the circulatory system is through _____ and connection to the lymphatic system is ____
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capillaries
lacteal |
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[structure of the small intestine] large fold of ____ line the small intestine.
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epithelium
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Villi projects outward, into the lumen. Each villi has a small lymphatic vessel called the _____ and a network of _____ .
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lacteal
network of blood capillaries |
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Nutrients are absorbed by the microvilli across the intestinal epithelium and then accross the wall of the capillaries or lacteals. Fats are taken by the _____
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lacteal
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lacteals distributed the fat via the ____
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lymphatic system to veins near the heart (circulatory system)
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[heart] Atria
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receive blood returning to heart
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ventricles
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chambers that pump blood out of heart
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arteries
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carry blood away from heart
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arterioles
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smaller vessels that bring blood to capillaries
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cappillaries
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microscopic vessels w/ thin porous walls involved in nutrient and gas exchange
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venules
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capillaries converge into venules
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veins
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blood return to heart
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[Heart Conduction System] in the heart there are cluster of cells that are ______
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autoryhythmic cells
**contracts and relax w/o nerve input |
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Give two nodes that control autorhythimc cell.
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sinoatrial node (SAN)
atrioventricular node (AVN |
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SAN
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**the pacemaker of the heart
**set the rate and timing of the contraction **generates electrical iimpulses that are carried to AVN **incr. body temperature *respond to external stimulli |
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Antrioventricular node (AVN)
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**electrical impulses is relayed down
***delays the impulse by appx. 0.1 sec---> allowing the atria to empty b/f the ventricle fills up w/ blood |
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[blood vessel structure]
describes how nutrients/molecule is transport in and out of the capillaries to the tissue? |
molecules ---> out of the capillaries to the interstitial fluid---> to tissue
**interstitial fluid is important **equalibrium rxn |
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what is the different structure b/w arteries, veinules, vein, and capillaries?
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**capillaries
-Endothelium = squamous cells (simple single layer of cell) **arteries, veinules, vein -endothelium, connective tissue, and smooth muscle -thicker walls provide strength and flexibility |
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[other circulatory also takes place] lymphatic System
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**recycle water
**transport fat to the circulatory system (from the lacteal) **protect against infections **Composition is very similar to interstitial fluid |
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[BLOOD COMPOSITION: cells of the blood]
Erythrocytes |
-transport oxygen and CO2
-lack nuclei and mitochondria (dead end cells) -carry protein called hemoglobin **sickle cell anemia (disease) -RBC is less flexible-- clog up in capillaries--> inefficient O2 exchange |
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Leukocytes
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*WBC, fights infection
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Name the 6 different types of leukocytes
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1. monocytes
2. neutrophils 3. Basophils 4. Eosinophils 5. Lymphocytes 6. plateletes |
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phagocytic = engulf bacteria and cell debris
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Monocytes and neutrophils
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Basophils
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inhibits blood clotting and speeds removal of fat by releasing heparin, release histamine
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eosinophils
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attack parasites
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lymphocytes
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part of the immune system (become B cells and Tcells)
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this involve in blood clotting
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platelets
*pinch off cytoplasm w/ a plasma membrane *come from bone marrow **no nuclei can't reprod. |
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[recalled:] bone marrow stem cells are _____
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multipotent stem cells
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bone marrow differentiate into
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lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells
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lymphoid stem cells differentiate into
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B cells and T cells
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myeloid stem cells differentiate to
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*RBC
*monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lyphocytes, platelets |
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what is LEUKEMIA
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cancer cells
**is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow and is characterized by an abnormal proliferation (production by multiplication) of blood cells (esp. WBC) **there are acute leukemia and chronic leukemia |
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acute leukemia
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happens in kid and young adult
**happens through an increase in immature cells = cells that don't make through the differentiation process |
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Chronic leukemia
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matures cells that are defective
e.g making a whole bunch of B-cells that don't work well |
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Leukemia is subdivided into 4 categories: they are
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cell type: Lymphocytic leukemia
1. acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) 2. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cell type: Myelogenous leukemia 3. Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) 4. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) |
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Hormonal rgulation of RBC:
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decrease in tissue oxygen---> stimulate hormone called Epythropoitin (EPO)---> stimulates differientiate of bone marrow stem cells--> increase RBC---> transport more oxygen (O2 = neg. feedback) on Epyhtropoieth
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Epythroipoietin is made in the
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kidney
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[BLOOD CLOTTING] the process
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injury-->form a platelets plug (protection for blood loss)---> clotting factors release protease (factor VIII)---> convert Prothrombin (inactive) to thrombin (active)---> throbin (enzyme) converts fibrogen (substrate) to fibrin---> goes to platelets plug and corm the fibrin clot
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