Final Anthro 2200 Osu Fall

Front 1

What are the seven anatomical changes associated with bipedalism

Back 1

1. Position of the foramen magnum.
2. Shape of the vertebral column
3. Shape of the Pelvis.
4. Limb proportions.
5. Angle of the femur.
6. Morphology of the foot.
7. Position of the hallux

Front 2

What are the three primary hypotheses that attempt to explain the origins of bipedalism and the emergence of early hominids?

Back 2

1. Hunting Hypothesis- free hand to carry weapons, however organized hunting appeared much later.
2. Patchy forest Hypothesis- it energetically effective and regulates body temp
3. Male Provisioning Hypothesis- suggests monogamy b/c male provided food for female and offspring.

Front 3

What are the anatomical traits that characterize the pre-australopithecines as a group

Back 3

Diet adaptation and Bipedialism

Front 4

- Which species belong to the pre-australopithecine group?

Back 4

1. Sahelanthropus Tchandensis
2. Orrorin Tugenensis
3. Ardipithecus kadabba
4. Ardipithecus ramidus

Front 5

What is the time range for the existence of pre-australopithecines?

Back 5

4-7 mya

Front 6

- Geographically speaking, where were the pre-australopithecines found?

Back 6

Africa, Kenya, Ethiopia.

Front 7

How do the australopithecines differ from the pre-australopithecines in term of anatomical traits?

Back 7

*Clearly adapted to bipedalism. * Increased sexual dimorphism. *Larger cranial capacity *Smaller canines.

Front 8

- What is the time range for the existence of australopithecines?

Back 8

4-1 mya

Front 9

- How do the gracile australopithecines differ from the robust australopithecines?

Back 9

Robust-Large cheek teeth/ jaw muscles
Gracile - Smaller " " "

Front 10

- Which species belong to each of these two groups? *

Back 10

Gracile – Australopithecus africanus * Robust - Australopithecus boisei and Australopithecus aethiopicus

Front 11

- Geographically speaking, where were the australopithecines found?

Back 11

Africa

Front 12

- Laetoli, Tanzania -

Back 12

place where hominid footprints were found in volcanic ash 3.6 myo

Front 13

- “Lucy” -

Back 13

One of the most significant fossils: the 40% complete skeleton of an adult female A. Afarenis, found in East Africa

Front 14

- non-honing chewing complex. –

Back 14

Blunt, noprojecting canine, small canine relative to size of other teeth, no diastma, wear on tips of canines and of third premolars, cusps on third molar are equal size. no slicing, mainly grinding dentitions. front teeth prominent.

Front 15

- Oldowan tool complex –

Back 15

the stone tool culture associated with H. habilis and , possibly, A garhi, including primitive chipper tools

Front 16

What characteristics define the genus Homo?

Back 16

Relatively large brain, small face, and jaws and dependence on material culture for survival.

Front 17

What are the anatomical similarities and differences between the australopithecines and the earliest member of the genus Homo (H. habilis)?

Back 17

Bigger brain, smaller chewing complex

Front 18

- What is the time range for the existence of H. habilis?

Back 18

1.8- 2.5mya

Front 19

- Geographically speaking, where was H. habilis found?

Back 19

East and South Africa

Front 20

- Which tool complex did H. habilis use, and how were these tools used?

Back 20

Oldowan tool complex. the tools were used to process as well as to obtain food resources. tools were now critical to the survival of the species.

Front 21

What are the anatomical similarities and differences between Homo habilis and Homo erectus?

Back 21

erectus has a larger brain and body size. both have small chewing complex. both have precision grip.

Front 22

- What is the time range for the existence of H. erectus?

Back 22

1.8-.3 mya

Front 23

- Geographically speaking, where was H. erectus found?

Back 23

Africa, Asia, Europe

Front 24

- Which tool complex did H. erectus use, and how were these tools used?

Back 24

Acheulian complex. tools used for hunting, food processing

Front 25

- What were the major factors contributing to the success of H. erectus?

Back 25

reliance on tools and more complex social structures

Front 26

- Acheulian tool complex-

Back 26

the culture associated with H. erectus, including handaxes and other types of stone tools; more refined than the earlier Oldowan tools.

Front 27

- Eugene Dubois-

Back 27

A dutch anatomist and anthropolisgt, discovered the first early hominid remains found outside Europe.

Front 28

- “Nariokotome Boy” –

Back 28

Homo Erectus fossil one of the earliest hominid skeletons ever found, found in 1984

Front 29

- Zhoukoudian, China

Back 29

- cave where peking man, erectus was discovered today a UNESCO world Heritage site

Front 30

What are the anatomical characteristics of Archaic Homo sapiens in comparison to anatomically modern Homo sapiens?

Back 30

Skeletal traits: round, tall skull with vertical forehead, small brow ridges, and small face and teeth with a more gracile postcranial skeleton characteristic of modern humans.

Front 31

- What are the temporal and geographical ranges for the existence of Archaic H. sapiens?

Back 31

Asia, Africa and europe around 350,000 to 130,000 years ago.

Front 32

What are the anatomical characteristics of the Neandertals?

Back 32

- 1. bent-kneed gait
2. Large nasal aperture
3. Large infraorbital foramina
4. Stocky build, short limbs

Front 33

Which of these characteristics suggest that Neandertals were cold-adapted people?

Back 33

1. Large nasal aperture
2. Large infraorbital foramina
3. Stocky build, short limbs

Front 34

- What are the temporal and geographical ranges for Neandertals?

Back 34

Asia (60-40k ya)
Europe (130k-24k ya)

Front 35

- Briefly describe the four facets of Neandertal culture and behavior (i.e. hunting, language, symbolic behavior, and housing shelters).

Back 35

1.Burial of dead- suggest they cared for their dead like modern humans
2. had ability to speak.- had the hyoid bone that is identical to modern humans and indicative they could speak
3. Used symbols- body ornaments are evidence they used symbols .
4. Hunting- animal remains near neandertals indicate they hunted and butchered animals

Front 36

What are the anatomical characteristics of AMH (Anatomically Modern Humans)?

Back 36

Skeletal traits: round, tall skull with vertical forehead, small brow ridges, and small face and teeth with a more gracile postcranial skeleton characteristic of modern humans.

Front 37

What are the three models used for explaining the origin and dispersal of AMH?
- Briefly describe each of these models.

Back 37

1. Out of Africa- Modern Homo sapiens evolved in Africa, and then spread to Asia and Europe, where modern humans replaced the populations there.
2. Multiregional Continuity- The shift to modern humans took place regionally and did not involve replacement.
3. assimilation.- began in africa and then migrated where they replaced other species.

Front 38

What is the approximate date of the arrival of AMH into the New World?

Back 38

15,000 yBP

Front 39

- What evidence suggests that AMH migrated to the Americas from Northeast Asia?

Back 39

Single-founding population hypothesis is supported that Native American blood type is exclusively type O. There is dental and genetical evedience.

Front 40

- Middle Paleolithic-

Back 40

The middle part of the Old Stone Age, associated with Mousterian tools, which Neadertals produced using the Levalllois technique.

Front 41

- Mousterian tool complex-

Back 41

Neandertals made toos out of flint that would replace the use of front teeth as tools and reduced the amount of anterior tooth wear.

Front 42

- Upper Paleolithic-

Back 42

Refers to the most recent part of the Old Stone Age, associated with early modern Homo sapiens and characterized by finely crafted some and other types of tools with various functions.

Front 43

What is forensic anthropology?

Back 43

The scientific examination of skeletons in hope of identifying the people whose bodies they came from.

Front 44

What do forensic anthropologists do?

Back 44

Analyze contemporary human skeletal remains. (Belonging to an individual who has been deceased for 50 or fewr yrs.)

Front 45

Interpersonal violence – criteria present on the skeleton

Back 45

Sexual assault, domestic violence….you will see cranial fractures

Front 46

Different types of trauma –

Back 46

Accidental Trauma- occus unexpedcgtedly in the course of day to day activies.
Intentional or violent trauma- refers to injuries inflicted on a person by another with strong evidence of malevolent intent.
Sharp Force trauma- results in incisions puntures and beveled clefts in bone.
Blunt force trauma- taken the form of depressed, transverse (straight edge) or comminuted (more than two fragments) fractures.
Ballistic trauma- leaves a unique signature on bone

Front 47

- biological profile-

Back 47

consists of estimates of an individual’s sex, age, ancestry and stature.

Front 48

- paleopathology-

Back 48

Study of ancient diseases

Front 49

What were the major factors contributing to the Agricultural Revolution?

Back 49

1. Environmental change to cooler conditions
2. Increase in human populations
Increased the need for larger and more stable food resources

Front 50

Agriculture is considered to be an adaptive trade-off. Describe what this means, keeping in mind things like population growth, interpersonal violence, and environmental degradation. domestication fueled human population growth

Back 50

transportation of food affected domesticated foods so 2/3 of humans necessary caloric and protein intake comes from cereal grains domesticated in the holocene.

Front 51

How does the masticatory-functional hypothesis explain the craniofacial changes associated with the shift from foraging to farming?

Back 51

# Masticatory-functional hypothesis states that changes in skull form are a response to decreased demands on the chewing muscles.

Front 52

Describe the health costs associated with an agricultural mode of subsistence.

Back 52

Increased population size and density caused the spread of more infectious illnesses; diet was also affected. Tooth decay, iron deficiency,
# Tuberculosis also was found early around the world

Front 53

- cribra orbitalia-

Back 53

Poroisty in the eye orbits due to anemia caused by an iron-deifient diet, parasitic infection or getic disease

Front 54

- Neolithic-

Back 54

The late Pleistodene/early Holocene culture, during which humans domesticated plants and animals.

Front 55

- dental caries-

Back 55

A disease process that creates demineralized areas in dental tissues, leading to cavities; demineralization is caused by acids produced by bacteria that metabolize carbohydrates in dental plaque.

Front 56

-osteoarthritis-

Back 56

Degenerative changes of the joints caused by a variety of factors, especially physical activity and mechanical stress.

Front 57

- Fertile Crescent-

Back 57

the moist fertile crescent shaped land in typical arid Africa

Front 58

- periostitis-

Back 58

is a medical condition caused by inflammation of the periosteum, a layer of connective tissue that surrounds bone.

Front 59

- iron deficiency anemia-

Back 59

A condidtion in which the blood has insufficient iron; may be caused by diet, poor iron absorption, parasitic infection, and severe blood loss.

Front 60

- porotic hyperostosis-

Back 60

expansion and porosity of cranial bones due to anemia caused by an iron-defient diet, parasitic infection, or genetic disease.

Front 61

- Levant-

Back 61

Mediterranean area, that was substantially transformed and degraded. b/c of soil eriosing difficult to produce food.

Front 62

What has isotopic analysis of ice cores told us about global climate change during the Holocene?

Back 62

warming

Front 63

What are the major negative impacts associated with a reduction in biodiversity?

Back 63

Costs of longer life include loss of bone mass, heart disease, and so on, as well as negative effects on Earth’s biodiversity.

Front 64

What are some examples illustrating the role of humans in the evolution of other species?

Back 64

Insects, bacteria, fish are only a few examples

Front 65

- anthropogenic-

Back 65

refers to any effect caused by humans

Front 66

- nutrition transition-

Back 66

the shift in diet to one that is high in saturated fat and sugar; a cause of the global obesity epidemic