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675 Cards in this Set
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Scientific term for the study of body structure |
anatomyterm for the s |
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Term for the study of how the body functions |
Physiology |
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Study of disease |
Pathology |
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Anything that upsets the normal structure and function of the body |
Disease |
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Levels of organization |
Cell-tissue-organ-system-organism |
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Bones and joints make up what system |
Skeletal system |
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The heart and blood make up what system |
Cardiovascular system (circulatory) |
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Means “same” |
Homeo |
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Main method for maintaining homeostasis |
Negative feedback |
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All life sustaining reactions |
Metabolism |
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Complex substances are broken into simpler compounds in what type of metabolism |
Catabolism |
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Simple compounds are used to manufacture materials needed for growth, function, and tissue repair in this type of metabolism |
Anabolism |
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Means below or lower |
Inferior |
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Means farther away; toward side |
Lateral |
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Means nearer to origin |
Proximal |
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Cut that makes front and back parts |
Frontal plane |
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Cut makes top and bottom parts |
Transverse |
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Dorsal cavity contains what ? |
Spinal cavity and cranial (brain) |
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Abdominopelvic cavity contains |
Stomach, intestine, liver etc |
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Upper crest of the hip bone |
Iliac or inguinal |
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Below belly button/umbilical region |
Hypogastric region |
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Word that means skull |
Cranial |
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Anything that takes up space |
Matter |
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Element that makes up largest part of body |
Oxygen |
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Builds bone and teeth |
Calcium |
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Positively charged atoms in nucleus |
Protons |
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Non charged particles in nucleus |
Neutrons |
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In orbits around the nucleus; negative charged Energy levels |
Electrons |
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Equal to the number of protons present in the nucleus of atoms or electrons around nucleus |
Atomic number |
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Sum of protons and neutrons |
Atomic weight (mass) |
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Bond formed by electrons being transferred |
Ionic bond |
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Bonds that dissolve in water |
Ionic bonds |
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Graphic tracings of electric currents generated by heart muscle |
Electrocariograph |
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Bond that is the sharing of electrons |
Covalent bond |
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Substance composed of two or more different elements |
Compounds |
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Mixture formed when one substance dissolved in another |
Solution (can’t tell apart) |
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Universal solvent |
Water |
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Another name for base |
Alkali |
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Has more hydroxide ion (OH) |
Alkaline |
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Has more hydrogen ions |
Acidic |
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Organic compounds always contain |
Carbon |
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Building blocks of carbs |
Monosaccharides |
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Example of monosaccharide |
Glucose |
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Example of polysaccharide |
Starch and glycogen |
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Fats |
Lipids |
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3 fatty tails |
Triglycerides |
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Organic compound that has nitrogen |
Protein |
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Monomers of proteins |
Amino acids |
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Proteins essential for metabolism |
Enzymes |
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Nucleotides contain |
Nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group |
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Examples of nucleotides |
DNA AND RNA |
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Components of plasma membrane |
Phospholipids and cholesterol |
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Plasma membrane is considered |
Selectively permeable |
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Plasma membrane controls |
Regulating what can enter and leave cell, and communication between cells |
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Change shape during transport |
Transporters |
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Nucleolus makes what? |
Ribosomes |
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Small bodies outside the nucleus that are involved in manufacture of proteins |
Ribosomes |
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Short extensions of plasma membrane |
Microvilli |
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Ribosomes are attached to |
Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Power house of cell |
Mitochondria |
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Digest substances within cell |
Lysosomes |
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Break down harmful substances |
Peroxisomes |
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Short, hair like projections from cell |
Cilia |
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Long, whiplike extension from cell |
Flagellum |
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Rod shaped bodies required for cell division |
Centrioles |
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Diffusion of water down concentration gradient |
Osmosis |
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Solution that causes cells to shrink (crenation) |
Hypertonic |
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Passage of water and materials through pressure gradient |
Filtration |
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Requires energy |
Active transport |
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Engulfs cell DROPLETS |
Pinocytosis |
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Nucleotides is DNA |
Adenine, cytosine, thymine, and guanine |
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Copying of info from dna to rna in nucleus |
Transcription |
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DNA replicates in this phase |
Interphase |
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Each replicated chromosome winds up tightly and separates from the other replicates chromosomes |
Prophase |
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Chromosomes line up across middle attached to spindle fibers |
Metaphase |
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Centromere splits and replicated chromosomes move apart |
Anaphase |
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Cleavage furrow |
Telophase |
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Risk factors for cancer |
Heredity, chemicals, radiation, obesity, inactivity, poor nutrition, infectious agents |
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Means “to drink” |
Pino |
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Tissue that covers and lines body surfaces and cavities |
Epithelial |
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Most abundant tissue in body |
Connective tissue |
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Tissue that produces movement |
Muscle tissue |
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Tissue that conducts nerve impulses |
Nerve tissue |
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Single layer of cells |
Simple |
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Multiple layer of cells |
Stratified |
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Appear like multiple layers but is one layer |
Pseudostratified |
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Tissue capable of great expansion (bladder) |
Transitional epithelium |
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Produce excretions to outside the body |
Exocrine gland |
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Secrete directly into tissue fluid |
Endocrine gland |
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Circulating connective tissue (liquid) |
Blood |
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Hardest type of connective tissue |
Bone |
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Cells that form bones |
Osteoblasts |
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Mature osteoblasts |
Osteocytes |
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Voluntary and striated |
Skeletal muscle |
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Involuntary muscle |
Cardiac and smooth |
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Basic unit of nervous tissue |
Neuron |
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Specialized nerve cell |
Glia |
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Line the walls of body cavities and are folded back into the surface of internal organs forming their outermost layer |
Serous membranes |
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Line tubes and exits out side of body |
Mucous membranes |
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Cutaneous membrane |
Skin |
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Line thoracic cavity and cover lung |
Pleura |
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Membrane covering bone |
Periosteum |
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Another word for tumor |
Neoplasm |
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Connective tissue tumor of bone |
Osteoma |
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Tumor of cartilage cells |
Chondroma |
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Removal of living tissue for purpose of microscopic exam |
Biopsy |
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Malignant tumor of connective tissue |
Sarcoma |
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Chemotherapy |
Antineoplastic agents |
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Not a mechanism of disease |
Age |
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Causes of disease |
Age, gender, heredity, lifestyle, emotional disturbance, physical and chemical damage, preexisting illness |
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Results from adverse effects of drugs or treatment |
Iatrogenic disease |
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Epidemic spread through entire country continent or planet |
Pandemic |
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Conclusion as to the nature or identity of illness |
Diagnosis |
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Experienced by patient |
Symptoms |
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Objective of disease |
Signs |
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Disease between acute and chronic |
Subacute |
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Prediction of outcome of disease |
Prognosis |
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Teaches people to control involuntary responses such as heart rate or blood pressure |
Biofeedback |
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Study of microscopic organisms |
Microbiology |
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Yeasts and molds |
Fungi |
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Study of fungi |
Mycology |
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Single celled; lack nucleus |
Bacteria |
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Composed of nucleic acid and protein |
Viruses |
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Single celled and animal like |
Protozoa |
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Microorganisms that grow on body surface |
Normal flora |
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Syphilis is cause by |
Spirochete |
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Rickettsia and chlamydia are types of |
Bacteria |
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Infectious particles composed of protein |
Prions |
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Diseases cause by fungi |
Mycotic |
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Ringworm is cause me by |
Fungi |
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What causes malaria? |
Protozoa |
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Study of worms |
Helminthology |
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Worm that goes through feet |
Hookworms |
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Acid fast stain shows |
Bacteria |
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The flu is a |
Virus |
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Below the dermis |
Odermis |
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Considered avascular |
Epidermis |
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Uppermost layer of epidermis |
Stratum corneum |
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Bottom layer of epidermis |
Stratum germinativum |
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Gives skin color |
Melanin |
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Where is melanjn |
Stratum corneum |
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Supplied with blood vessels and nerves |
Dermis |
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Secrete oil |
Sebaceous |
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Sebaceous gland of babies |
Vernix caseosa |
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Sweat glanda |
Sudoriferous glands |
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Clogged =pimple |
Sebaceous gland |
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Sweat glands of skin |
Eccrine gland |
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Glands that produce body odor |
Apocrine |
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Modified sweat glands |
Ceruminous and mammary |
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Hair and nails are composed of |
Keratin |
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Hair bulb |
Hair papilla |
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Goosebumps are caused by |
Arrector pili |
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Nail lies on the |
Nail bed |
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Main functions of skin |
Protection against infection Dehydration Body temp Sensory info |
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Touch receptor |
Meissner corpuscle |
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Skin creates this vitamin that maintains bone |
Vitamin D |
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Where is melanin produced |
Stratum germinativum |
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Redness due to increased blood flow |
Flushing |
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Blue in color |
Cyanosis |
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Yellow color |
Carotene |
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Yellow color of skin |
Jaundice |
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Stem cells are found in the |
Stratum basale |
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Redness of skin |
Erythema |
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Firm raised area like a pimple |
Papule |
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Blister or fluid filled sac |
Vesicle |
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Scratch |
Excoriation |
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Decubitus |
Pressure ulcer |
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Blisters from burn |
Second degree |
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Rule of nines |
Surface area |
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Waterproofs skin |
Keratin |
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Keratin is produced in the |
Stratum granulosum |
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Most common skin cancer |
Squamous cell carcinoma |
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Malignant tumor of melanocytes |
Melanoma |
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Blister like lesions filled with pus on children (up to age 2) |
Impetigo |
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Causes formation of vesicles (cold sores) |
Herpes simplex |
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Caused by same virus as chickenpox |
Shingles |
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Another name for hives |
Urticaria |
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Characterized by intense itching and skin inflammation |
Eczema (acute eczema toys dermatitis) |
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Atomic eczema |
Atopic dermatitis |
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Silvery scales |
Psoriasis |
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Baldness |
Alopecia |
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Shaft of bone |
Diaphysis |
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End of long bone |
Epiphysis |
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Bone tissue |
Osseous tissue |
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Bone is rich in... |
Collagen |
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Breakdown of bone tissue and resorption |
Osteoclasts |
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Cancellous bone |
Spongy bone |
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Where is red marrow found |
Ends of long bones and center of others |
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Growing is done when what closes? |
Epiphyseal plates |
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Cavity or hollow space (air filled) |
Sinus |
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Too and sides of cranium |
Parietal bones |
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Base of skull |
Occipital |
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Flat immovable joint |
Suture |
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True ribs are the |
First seven pairs |
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Shoulder blade |
Scapula |
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Female pelvis |
Lighter Wider Sacrum and coccyx are shorter |
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Longest bone in body |
Femur |
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Head of femur |
Trochanter |
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Kneecap |
Patella |
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How many vertebrae? |
26 |
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Rickets is cause by a deficiency in |
Vitamin D |
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Malignant tumors of bone and cartilage |
Osteosarcoma and chondrosarcomas |
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Lateral curve of spine |
Scoliosis |
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Immovable joints |
Synarthrosis (sutures) |
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Slightly movable |
Amphiarthrosis |
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Freely movable joint |
Diarthrosis (Synovial joint) |
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Freely moveable joints held together by |
Ligaments |
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Bending motion decreases angle |
Flexion |
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Bends food upward |
Dorsiflexion |
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Bends foot down |
Plantar flexion |
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Twisting or turning on axis |
Rotation |
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Little change in joint angle |
Gliding |
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Greatest range of motion |
Ball and socket joint |
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Striated and voluntary |
Skeletal muscle |
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Intercalated discs |
Cardiac muscle |
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Striated and involuntary |
Cardiac muscle |
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Partial contraction of muscle |
Muscle tone |
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Bundles of muscle fibers |
Fascicles |
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Surrounds individual muscle fibers |
Endomysium |
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Band of dense regular tissue that attaches muscle to bone |
Tendon |
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Blood is considered |
Liquid connective tissue |
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Single neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates |
Motor unit |
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Point at which a nerve fiber contacts a muscle cell |
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) |
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Filaments made of these two primary types of protein |
Actin and myosin |
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Actin and myosin use |
ATP |
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When muscles are at rest, what blocks actin and myosin |
Troponin and tropomyosin |
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Shifts troponin and tropomyosin from bonding sites |
Calcium |
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Calcium is pumped back into the |
Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Stores oxygen in muscle cells |
Myoglobin |
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Maintenance of muscle tone |
Tonus |
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Tone or tension remains the same but muscle length changes |
Isotonic contractions |
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No change in muscle length but increase in tension |
Isometric contractions |
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Prime mover of elbow flexion |
Biceps brachii or brachialis |
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Prime mover in extension |
Triceps brachii |
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The fulcrum is considered the |
Joint |
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Muscle that produces opposite action |
Antagonist |
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Ring shaped muscle |
Orbicularis |
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Largest mastication muscle |
Masseter |
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Move head |
Sternocleidomastoid |
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Posterior thigh muscles |
Hamstring |
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Anterior thigh muscle |
Quadriceps |
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Rectus femoris |
Quads |
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Calf muscle |
Gastrocnemius |
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Decrease in size |
Atrophy |
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Brain and spinal cord |
Central nervous system |
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Nerves outside CNS |
Peripheral nervous system |
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Controls skeletal muscle |
Somatic nervous system |
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Impulses to the cell body |
Dendrites |
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Receptors in nervous system |
Receptors |
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Conduct nerve impulses away from cell body |
Axons |
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Myelin is entire cells |
Schwann cells |
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Wrapping of Schwann cells |
Neurilemma |
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Conduct impulses to the spinal cord and brain |
Afferent muscles (sensory) |
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Carry impulses away from CNS to muscles and glands |
Motor neurons (efferent) |
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Relay information from place to place within CNS |
Interneurons |
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In the CNS a fiber bundle is called a |
Tract |
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Surrounds each individual fiber of nerve |
Endoneurium |
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Surrounds whole nerve |
Epineurium |
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Types of neuralgia |
Schwann, astrocytes, oligodendeocytes, microglia, ependymal |
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Star shaped cells; repair, generation of memories |
Astrocytes |
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Form myelin sheath of CNS neurons |
Oligodendrocytes |
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Phagocytes of nerve cells |
Microglia |
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Nerve impulses |
Action potentials |
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Return membrane potential to resting value |
Repolarization |
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During action potential, what enters the cell |
Sodium |
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Point of junction for transmitting the nerve impulse |
Synapse |
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Synapse occurs between |
Presumptive cell and postsynaptic cell |
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Neurotransmitters |
Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and acetylcholine |
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Dorsal= what neevw |
Sensory |
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Ventral= what nerve |
Motor nerve |
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Phrenic nerve arises from |
Cervical plexus |
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Brachial plexus controls the |
Shoulder |
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Sciatic nerves rises from the |
Lumbosacral plexus |
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Kneecap jerk is considered what reflex |
Simple, spinal, and stretch |
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Thoracic and lumbar nerves are part of what chain |
Sympathetic chain |
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Sympathetic causes |
Increase in heart rate, blood pressure, dilation of bronchiol, metabolic rate, dilation of pupil |
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Terminal ganglia is in the |
Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) |
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Autoimmune disease resulting in demyelination |
Multiple sclerosis |
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Polio is a |
Virus and has a vaccine |
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Tetraplegia |
Paralysis of all four limbs |
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Pain, numbness and tingling along Sciatic nerve |
Sciatica |
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Cerebellum |
Little brain |
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Meninge contouring brain |
Pia mater |
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Outermost meninges |
Dura mater |
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What makes cerebrospinal fluid? |
Choroid plexus |
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CSF flows through lateral ventricles into third ventricle by |
Foramina |
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Deep groove |
Fissure |
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Central sulcus |
Between frontal and parietal lobes |
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Primary motor area |
Frontal lobe |
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Primary somatosensory area |
Parietal lobe |
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Having trouble forming sentences means damage to the |
Broca area |
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Visual receiving area and visual association area |
Occipital lobe |
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Thalamus forms wall of |
Third ventricle |
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Controls body temp, water balance, sleep, appetite, and some emotions |
Hypothalamus |
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Responsible for homeostasis |
Hypothalamus |
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Thalamus and hypothalamus are both in the |
Diencephalon |
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What lies between the medulla and midbrain |
Pons |
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Involuntary actions are integrated in the |
Pons |
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What controls respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor system |
Medulla oblongata |
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Outer area of gray matter and inner portion is white matter and treelike |
Cerebellum |
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Coordinate voluntary muscles, maintain balance, and muscle tone |
Cerebellum |
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Store new memories |
Hippocampus |
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The hippocampus is part of the |
Limbic system |
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Coordinating networks in dicephalon and brain stem |
Limbic system and reticular formation |
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Imaging techniques for brain |
MRI, PET, and EEG |
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Syndrome with seizures |
Epilepsy |
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Bleeding between dura mater and skull |
Epidural hematoma |
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Alzheimer Disease shows signs of |
Intellectual impairment |
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Multiple head traumas may result in |
Multi-infarct Dementia |
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Contain only motor fibers |
3, 4, 6, 11, and 12 |
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Carries smell |
Olfactory 1 |
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Visual impulses |
Optic (2) |
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Eye muscles |
Oculomotor 3 |
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Controls facial expression (nerve 7) |
Facial nerve |
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Controls tongue |
Hypoglossal (12) |
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Tic douloureux |
Trigemibal neuralgia |
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Gyr |
Circle /cut |
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Pituitary connects to the hypothalamus by the |
Infundibulum |
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Is ADH produced in pituitary or hypothalamus? |
Hypothalamus; stores in pituitary |
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Inadequate ADH causes |
Diabetes insipidus |
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Promotes water reabsorption |
Antidiuretic |
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Causes uterine contraction and milk ejection |
Oxytocin |
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Regulates mood, sexual development, clock, sleep |
Melatonin |
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Acromegaly is caused by |
Excess growth hormone |
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Inadequate growth hormone causes |
Dwarfism |
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Parathyroid hormone increases |
Calcium in blood |
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates |
Hormone production in cortex or adrenal glands |
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Gonadotropins |
FSH AND LH |
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Stimulates development of ovarian follicles and sperm |
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Ovulation in females and progesterone and testosterone |
LuteiniZing hormone |
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Located in the neck |
Thyroid |
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Thyroxine has more |
Target cells |
|
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Lack of iodine can cause a |
Goiter |
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Tones down calcium |
Calcitonin |
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Adrenal medulla |
Epinephrine |
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Glucocorticoids |
Maintain glucose levels (cortisol) |
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Controls sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion by kidney tubules |
Aldosterone |
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Aldosterone is a |
Mineralcorticoids |
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Adrenal cortex produces |
Glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and androgens |
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Androgens are considered |
Male hormones |
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Cushing syndrome |
Virilizatiom or hump? |
|
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Islet of langerhans |
Insulin or glucagon |
|
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Insulin and glucagon are |
Antagonists |
|
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Sign of diabetes Mellitus |
Ketoacidosis |
|
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Type 2 diabetes is after age |
30 |
|
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Gland that produces melatonin |
Pineal gland |
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Increases sodium excretion and lowers blood pressure |
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
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Prostogladins |
Localized |
|
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Epinephrine |
Anaphylaxis |
|
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Oral contraceptives |
Estrogen and progesterone |
|
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How much blood? |
5 liters |
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Blood ph should be |
Slightly alkaline |
|
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Liquid portion of blood is |
Plasma |
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Erythro means |
Red |
|
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Most abundant protein in plasma |
Albumin |
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Group of enzymes that combat immunity? |
Complement |
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Lack a nucleus |
Erythrocytes |
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Stain with acidic or basic dyes |
Neutrophils |
|
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Nutriphils nucleus |
Band cells |
|
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Engulfing foreign matter |
Phagocytosis |
|
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Monocytes enlarge and mature into |
Macrophages |
|
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Giant bone marrow cells |
Megakaryocytes |
|
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Involved in phagocytosis |
Neutrophils and monocytes |
|
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Final product of clotting |
Fibrin |
|
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Enzyme of clotting |
Prothrombinase |
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Part of clotting |
Thrombin |
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Clumping |
Agglutination |
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Type A blood has |
Anti A serum and anti b antibodies |
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B type blood has |
Anti b serum and anti a antibodies |
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Type o blood |
Universal donor; anti a and b antibodies |
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Ab blood is |
Universal recipient Anti a and b serum and no antibodies |
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Rh + Mom and negative dad |
Have nothing to worry about |
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Loss of large amount of blood |
Hemorrhage |
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Separates mixtures by spinning |
Centrifuge |
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Gamma globulin fraction is a portion of |
Plasma |
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Loss of blood by hemorrhage |
Hemorrhagic anemia |
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Anemia cause by red cell destruction |
Hemolytic anemia |
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Sickle cell is a form of |
Hemolytic anemia |
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B12 deficiency results in |
Pernicious anemia |
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Bone marrow failure |
Aplastic anemia (can be caused by chemical agents |
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Red marrow is called |
Myeloid tissue |
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Cancer of bone marrow |
Myelogenous leukemia |
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Acute myelogenous leukemia |
Most common in children |
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X factor |
Hemophilia |
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Measures how much blood volume is taken up by red cells |
Hematocrit |
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Hematocrit levels should be |
36-54 |
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Decreases hematocrit usually means |
Anemia |
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Elevated hematocrit means |
Polycythemia |
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Disorder of bone marrow that causes red cell proliferation |
Polycythemia vera |
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Estimation of white cell type in smear |
Differential white count |
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Thin smooth layer of epithelial cell that line hearts interior |
Endocardium |
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Heart muscle |
Myocardium |
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Serous membrane that forms thin outermost layer of heart wall |
Epicardium |
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Sac that encloses the heart |
Pericardium |
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Intercalated discs are associated with |
Cardiac muscle |
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Received blood from lungs |
Left atrium |
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Exit valves are called |
Semilunar valves |
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Right atrioventicular valve is called the |
Tricuspid valve |
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Left atrioventricular valve is called the |
Mitral valve (bicuspid) |
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Threads that stabilize valve as ventricles contract |
Chordae tendineae |
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Blood vessels of myocardium |
Coronary circulation |
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Vein that opens into right atrium near inferior vena cava |
Coronary sinus |
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Active phase of heart |
Systole |
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Resting phase of heart |
Diastole |
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Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute |
Cardiac output (CO) |
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The volume of blood ejected from the verntricle with each beat |
Stroke volume |
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Pacemaker |
SA node |
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Conduction of heart |
Purkinje fibers |
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Slow gear rate less than 60 |
Bradycardia |
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Heart rate of more than 100 |
Tachycardia |
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First sound of heart |
AV valves closing |
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Second heart sound |
Semilunar calves closing |
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Narrowing of valve opening |
Stenosis |
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Instrument for examining deep structures with X-rays |
Fluoroscope |
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P phase |
Atrial depolarization. |
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QRS |
Ventricular depolarization |
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T phase |
Ventricular repolarizationinflammatio |
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Inflammation of hearts lining |
Endocarditis |
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Inflammation of heart muscle |
Myocarditis |
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Inflammation of serous membrane surrounding heart |
Pericarditis |
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Small blood vessel in fetus |
Ductus arteriousus |
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Narrowing of aortic arch |
Coarctation |
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Thickening and gardening of the vessels with a loss of electricity |
Artherosclerosis |
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ECG looks for what enzyme normal to muscle cells? |
Creatine kinase |
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Risk factors for coronary artery disease |
Age gender heredity body type smoking physical inactive key weight diet hypertension diabetes sleep apnea |
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Markers of risk factors for heart disease |
C reactive protein (crp) Homocysteine Lipoprotein |
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Given to reduce heart rate and contractions |
Beta adrenergic blocking agents |
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Used to open restricted arteries |
Angioplasty |
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Carry blood from heart |
Arteries |
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Small subdivisions of arteries |
Arteriole s |
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Carry blood to heart |
Veins |
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Arteries have how many tunics |
3 |
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Thickest layer of tunic made of involuntary muscle |
Middle tunic |
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Thinnest walls of any vessels |
Capillaries |
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Which arteries supply heart muscle off aprta |
Left and right coronary arteries (first off aorta) |
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Arteries between ribs |
Intercostal arteries |
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Arteries of intestines |
Mesentery artery |
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Artery behind knee |
Popliteal |
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Veins of head neck and upper extremities and chest drain into |
Superior vena cava |
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Receives most of the blood from heart wall |
Coronary sinus |
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Subclavian artery |
?? |
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Creates gradient for filtration |
Blood pressure |
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Water loss lowers blood pressure as blood flows through |
Capillaries |
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Decrease in blood pressure |
Vasodilation |
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Increase in blood pressure |
Vasoconstriction |
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Ease with which arteries expand to receive blood |
Compliance |
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Lower than normal blood pressure |
Hypotension |
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High blood pressure |
Hypertension |
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Drugs to treat hypertension |
Diuretic drugs Limit production of renin Adrenergic blockers (relax blood vessels |
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Gardening of arteries |
Arteriosclerosis |
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Severe allergic reaction |
Anaphylactic shock |
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Piece of a clot that becomes loose and floats in blood |
Embolus |
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Functions of lymph system |
Fluid balance, protection and fat absorption |
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Where are fats taken into? |
Lacteals |
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Lymph capillaries are made up of |
One layer of squamous epithelial (endothelium) |
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Lymph vessels drain through |
Lymph nodes |
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Head neck and thorax of right side drains into the |
Right subclavian vein |
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The rest of the body drains into the |
Left subclavian vein |
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Functions of spleen |
Destroy old RBCs Produce RBCs Store blood |
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Body’s largest lymph organ |
Spleen |
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Where do T cells mature |
Thymus |
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Peter patches are associated with |
Lymph, malt, halt |
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Finger like tube of lymphoid tissue |
Appendix |
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Another name for pharyngeal tonsil |
Adenoid |
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Lymph tissue at posterior of tongue |
Lingual tonsils |
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Inflammation of lymph nodes |
Lynphadenitis |
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Mono is caused by |
Epstein Barr virus |
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Mono affects |
B lymphocytes |
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Edema due to obstruction of lymph flow |
Lymohedema |
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Enlargement of spleen |
Splenomegaly |
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Hodgkin lymphoma is considered |
Chronic malignant |
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Adaptive defenses |
Slow but eliminate specific pathogen |
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First line of defense barriers |
Skin, mucous membrane, body secretions, reflexes |
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Nonspecific immunity |
Innate immunity |
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Recognize characteristics of viral DNA |
Till like receptors (TLRs) |
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Types of phagocytes |
Neutrophils and macrophages |
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Macrophages located in liver |
Kupffer cells |
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Possess TLRs |
Natural killer cells |
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Interleukins and interferons |
Immune response by cytokines? |
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Group of proteins that circulate in blood in inactive form |
Complement |
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Always present in blood but must be activated by contact with foreign cell surfaces or immune complexes |
Complements |
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Inflammatory reaction |
Heat redness swelling and pain |
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Cell mediated immunity |
Cytotoxic T cells Helper t Regulatory t Memory T cells |
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Second main class of lymphocytes |
B cells (lymphocytes) |
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Antibodies |
Immunoglobulins |
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Humoral immunity |
Body fluids |
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All antibodies are contained in a portion of the blood cells the |
Gamma globulin fraction |
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First type of antibody produces kn immune response |
IgM |
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May develop naturally through contract with a specific disease organism |
Adaptive immunity |
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Immunity formed against harmful agents encountered in normal course of life |
Natural active immunity |
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Mother to fetus |
Natural passive immunity |
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Use of vaccine |
Artificial active |
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Vaccination |
Immunization |
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Organism weakened for use in vaccines |
Attenuated |
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Harmophilus flu type b |
Meningitis |
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Examples of allergens |
Food proteins, medication, pollen |
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Immune serum |
Antiserum |
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Foreign proteins can cause sensitivity reaction |
Serum sickness |
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Allergic response (severe) |
Anaphylaxis |
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Abnormal reactivity to owns tissue |
Autoimmunity |
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HIV affects |
t cells |
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Cancer cells form continuously but are destroyed by nk cells cytotoxic T cells and macrophages |
Immune surveillance |
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Treat cancer by stimulating immune response |
Immunotherapy |
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Transfer of an organ or tissue from one organism to another |
Transplantation |
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Rejection of organ |
Rejection syndrome |
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Exchange of air between atmosphere and air sacs |
Pulmonary ventilation |
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Air sacs into blood |
External gas exchange |
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Blood to cells |
Internal gas exchange |
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Cells take in oxygen and use it in breakdown of nutrients |
Cellular respiration |
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Nostrils |
External nares |
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Between the roof of mouth and cranium are |
Nasal cavities |
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Three projections |
Conchae |
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Parts of pharynx |
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx |
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Adams apple |
Thyroid cartilage |
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Cricoid cartilage forms ring below |
Thyroid cartilage |
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Vocal cords |
Vocal folds |
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Cartilage reinforces |
Trachea |
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Cartilage rings stabilize |
Bronchi |
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Between two layers of pleura |
Pleural spaces |
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Draw in air |
Inhalation |
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Expirarion |
Exhalation |
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Active phase of quiet breathing |
Inhalation |
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Ease with which you expand lungs |
Compliance |
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Forced exhalation works which muscles |
Abdominal and intercostal |
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Pressure of gas within a gas mixtures |
Partial prsssure |
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Amount of air moved into or ou of lungs in quiet breathing |
Tidal volume |
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Volume of air remains in lungs after max exhalation |
Residual |
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Additional amount that can be breathed in by force after normal inhalation |
Inspiratory reserve volume |
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Volume of air that can be expelled from lungs by maximum exhalation and inhalation |
Vital capacity |
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Carbon monoxide binds with |
Hemoglobin taking oxygens space |
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75% of CO2 in |
Plasma |
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CO2 is transported as |
Bicarbonate ion |
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Respiratory control center in |
Medulla |
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Chemoreceptors respond to |
Hydrogen ions |
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Peripheral chemoreceptors found in |
Carotid and aortic bodies |
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Temporary cessation of breathing |
Apnea |
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Difficulty breathing relieved by sitting up |
Orthopnea |
|
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Cheyenne stokes respiration |
Before death; variation |
|
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Lower than normal oxygen level in tissue |
Hypoxia |
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Lower than normal oxygen partial pressure in arterial blood |
Hypoxemia |
|
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Scientific name for cold |
Acute coryza |
|
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Disorder related to allergy |
Asthma |
|
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Chronic bronchitis and emphysema |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
|
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Accumulation of air in pleural space |
Pneumothorax |
|
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Needle inserted to remove fluid from pleural space |
Thoracentesjs |
|
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Incision in trachea |
Tracheotomy |
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Used when patient has temporarily lost capacity to breathe |
Artificial respiration |
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Spir |
Breathing |
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Transfer of nutrients into circulation |
Absorption |
|
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Attached to small intestine |
Mesentery |
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Layers of digestive tract |
Mucous membrane, submucosa, muscular, serous membrane |
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Stratified squamous cells |
Mucosa |
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Contains blood vessels and nerves |
Submucosa |
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Composed of smooth muscle; responsible for peristalsis |
Muscularis externa |
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Outermost layer of membrane |
Serosa |
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Main substance of tolth |
Dentin |
|
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Crown is covered with |
Enamel |
|
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Hardest substance in body |
Enamel |
|
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Forms posterior roof of mouth |
Soft palate |
|
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Hangs from soft palate |
Uvula |
|
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Lining of stomach forms |
Rugae |
|
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Semiliquid mixture of gastric juice and food |
Chyme |
|
|
Digestion takes place in |
Small intestine (duodenum |
|
|
Mucosa of each fold is formed into |
Villi |
|
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Draw up organs wall to give puckered appearance |
Teniae Coli |
|
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Attached to cecum |
Appendix |
|
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Empties into rectum |
Sigmoid colon |
|
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Breaks down carbs |
Salivary amylase |
|
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Largest accessory organ |
Liver |
|
|
Liver delivers how much blood |
1.5-1.6 |
|
|
Largest group of glands |
Parotid glands |
|
|
Destruction of RBC causes |
Bilirubin |
|
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Waste product of protein metabolism |
Urea |
|
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Join to form common bile duct |
Common hepatic duct and cystic duct |
|
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Produces enzymes that digest fats proteins carbs and nucleic acid |
Pancreas |
|
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Neutralizes chyme |
Sodium bicarbonate by pancreas |
|
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Cleaves protein chains |
Pepsin |
|
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Mixture of lymph and fat globules drain from small intestine |
Chyle |
|
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Enzyme that split proteins |
Trypsin |
|
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Enteric |
Intestine |
|
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Produced by dueodenum and act on pancreas |
Gastric inhibitory peptide, secretin, cholecystokinin |
|
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Stimulates hunger |
Ghrelin |
|
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Tooth decay |
Dental caries (biggest in US) |
|
|
Commonly called mumps |
Parotitis |
|
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Weakness in diaphragm where stomach may potrude |
Hiatal hernia |
|
|
Emesis |
Vomiting |
|
|
Cirrhosis |
Liver |
|
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Stones of gallbladder |
Cholelithiasis |
|
|
Elderly have less |
Body fluid |
|
|
Two thirds to three fourths of body fluids |
Intracellular fluid |
|
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Extracellular fluid |
Interstitial blood plasma lymph fluid in compartments |
|
|
15% of body weight |
Interstitial |
|
|
4% body weight |
Blood |
|
|
1% body weigh |
Lymph |
|
|
1-3% total body fluid |
Fluid in compartments |
|
|
Intracellular fluid is the most |
Variable |
|
|
Body fluid is higher in |
Muscle than fat |
|
|
Infants have the most |
Body fluid |
|
|
Main positive ion in ECF |
Sodium |
|
|
Major positive ion in ICF |
Potassium |
|
|
Required for bone formation. |
Calcium |
|
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Buffer |
Bicarbonate ion |
|
|
Most abundant ion in ECF |
Chloride |
|
|
Plasma membrane |
Phosphate |
|
|
Does not contribute to water intake |
Anabolism |
|
|
How much water taken in from food |
2 1/2 qt |
|
|
Kidneys excrete |
1-1.5 |
|
|
What excretes water |
Skin kidneys lungs intestinal tract |
|
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Control center for thirst |
Hypothalamus |
|
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Excessive thirst |
Polydipsia |
|
|
Kidneys regulate |
Blood volume, electrolyte concentration and composition of urine |
|
|
Lowers blood pressure |
Angiotensin |
|
|
Ways to balance ph |
Buffer, respiration, kidney |
|
|
Backup of fluid in lungs |
Pulmonary edema |
|
|
Water intoxication; reduced blood sodium concentration |
Hyponatremia |
|
|
Escape of fluid into cavity |
Effusion |
|
|
Effusion in abdominal cavity causes |
Ascites |
|
|
Normal saline |
Sodium chloride |
|
|
Plasma proteins are low, administer |
Serum albumin |
|
|
Exerted water salt and nitrogenous waste |
Integumentary system |
|
|
Adipose capsule |
Fat capsule |
|
|
Kidneys in retroperitoneal space |
Behind peritoneum |
|
|
Blood brought to kidney by |
Renal artery |
|
|
Renal artery, vein and ureter connect to |
Hilum |
|
|
Outer portion of kidney |
Renal cortex |
|
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Inner portion of kidney |
Renal medulla |
|
|
Come shaped portions |
Renal pyramids |
|
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Funnel shaped basin that forms upper end of ureters |
Renal pelvis |
|
|
Extensions of renal pelveis that collect urine |
Calyces |
|
|
Bowman capsule (Filtering device) |
Glomerular capsule |
|
|
Distale tubule empties into |
Collecting duct |
|
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Supplies glomerulus with blood |
Afferent arteriole |
|
|
Peritubular Capillaries |
Not part of capsule |
|
|
Glomerular filtration |
Blood pressure |
|
|
Aquaporins |
Water |
|
|
Movement of materials from blood into capsule is |
Glomerular filtration |
|
|
Substances pass through tubular cells and enter jnterstitial fluid |
Tubular reabsorption |
|
|
Transports substances from peritubular capillary into nephron tubule |
Tubular secretion |
|
|
Juxtaglomerular apparatus |
Distal tubule and afferent arteriole |
|
|
Renin activates |
Angiotensin |
|
|
Urination |
Micturition |
|
|
Normally found in urine |
Urea |
|
|
Not normally found in Irvine |
Albumin |
|
|
Distention of renal pelvis and calyces |
Hydronephrosis |
|
|
Renal calculi |
Kidney stones |
|
|
Lithotripsy |
Busting stones |
|
|
Inflammation of bladder |
Cystitis |
|
|
Renal failure |
Pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis and polycystic kidney disease |
|
|
Signs of renal failure |
Dehydration, edema, and anemia |
|
|
Enuresis |
Involuntary urination |
|
|
Interstitial cells of testis produce |
Testosterone |
|
|
Ligaments holding ovary in place include the |
Broad ligament |
|
|
Glans penis is formed by the |
Corpus spingiosum |
|
|
Prepuce is not present in individuals who have undergone |
Cicrumcision |
|
|
Fold of membrane that is sometimes found near the vaginal opening |
Hymen |
|
|
Coiled tube on testis that stores spermatozoa |
Epididymis |
|
|
Gland found in women |
Greater vestibular glands |
|
|
Labia and clitoris are part of |
Vulva |
|
|
Contributes most liquid to semen |
Seminal vesicles |
|
|
Semen is NOT |
Acidic |
|
|
Head of spermatazoa contains |
DNA |
|
|
Acrosome would be found in |
Sperm |
|
|
Menses results from |
Decline in estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
Uterine proliferators phase occurs during |
Follicular phase |
|
|
Progesterone is highest during |
Secretory phase |
|
|
Testosterone causes |
Development of sperm |
|
|
High levels of progesterone result in |
Decreases levels of LH |
|
|
Increased activity of interstitial cells results in |
Decreases LH secretion |
|
|
Menopause occurs when |
Aging ovary no longer produces mature follicles |
|
|
Birth control method that affects gametogenesis |
Vasectomy |
|
|
Sexually transmitted infection caused by spirochete |
Syphilis |
|
|
Hysterectomy is effective treatment for |
Fibroids |
|
|
Cruptochidism is |
Testis that remain in abdomen |
|
|
Pap smear tests for cancer of |
Uterus |
|
|
Mastitis |
Inflammation of breast |
