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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Specialized for material exchange with the environment a. muscle b. nervous c. epithelial d. connective e. glands |
c. epithelial
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Includes cardiac, skeletal, and smooth a. muscle b. nevous c. epithelial d. connective e. glands |
a. muscle
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Cells specialized for initiating and transmitting electrical impulses: a. muscle b. nervous c. epithelial d. connective e. glands |
b. nervous
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Forms part of the circulatory system: a. intracellular fluid b. extracellular fluid c. interstitial flid d. blood plasma e. plasma membrane |
d. blood plasma
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Located inside of cells a. intracellular fluid b. extracellular fluid c. insteritial fluid d. blood plasma e. plasma membraen |
a. intracellular fluid
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Skin and related structures protecting the body a. muscular system b integumentary system c. immune system d. nervous system e. endocrine system |
b. integumentary system
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All hormone secreting glands-regulates homeostasis: a. muscular system b. integumentary system c. immune system d. nervous system e. endocrine system |
e. endocrine system
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Contains ribosomes a. nucleus b. nucleolus c. rough endoplasmic reticulum d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum e. Gogli complex |
c. rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Modifies sorts packages and directs protein products to destinations a. nucleus b. nucleolus c. rough endoplasmic reticulum d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum e. Gogli complex |
e. Golgi complex
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Location of DNA a. nucleus b. nucleolus c. rough endoplasmic reticulum d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum e. Gogli complex |
a. nucleus
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Converts chemical energy from food into useable ATM energy a. Pinocytosis b. Phagocytosis c. Lysosomes d. Peroxisomes e. Mitochondria |
e. mitochondria
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Carries out oxidative detoxification reactions: a. Pinocytosis b. Phagocytosis c. Lysosomes d. Peroxisomes e. Mitochondria |
d. peroxisomes
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Process of cell drinking: a. Pinocytosis b. Phagocytosis c. Lysosomes d. Peroxisomes e. Mitochondria |
a. Pinocytosis
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Monomeric hexose sugar molecule utilized by all of earth a. glucose b. piruvate c. acetate d. oxaloacetate e. carbon dioxide |
a. glucose
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Central metabolite enters mitochondria to initiate oxidative metabolism: a. glucose b. piruvate c. acetate d. oxaloacetate e. carbon dioxide |
b. pyruvate
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Ultimate product of respiration: a. glucose b. pyrvuate c. acetate d. oxaloacetate e. carbon dioxide |
e. carbon dioxide
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ATP is generated independent of electron transport: a. glycolysis b. NAD c. FAD d. substrate level phosphorylation e. citric acid cycle |
d. substrate level phosphorylation
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Cofactor carrying most of the reducing equivalents to the electron transport chain: a. glycolysis b. NAD c. FAD d. substrate level phosphorylation e. citric acid cycle |
b. NAD
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Two actin polymers are wound together enabling contractile movement: a. microtubules b. microfilaments c. intermediate filaments d. dynein e. vaults |
b. microfilaments |
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Long thick hollow structures serve as highways for vesicle transport a. microtubules b. microfilaments c. intermediate filaments d. dynein e. vaults |
a microtubules
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Forms flexible nonelastic fibers or sheets to provide tensile strength a. collagen b. fibronectin c. desmosomes d. tight junctions e. gap junctions |
a. collagen
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Connexions forms small tunnels enabling free passage of small molecules between cells: a. collagen b. fibronectin c. desmosomes d. tight junctions e. gap junctions |
e. gap junctions
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Act like Velcro to rivet adjacent cells together, especially in stretching tissues: a. collagen b. fibronectin c. desmosomes d. tight junctions e. gap junctions |
c. desmosomes
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Gives the total concentration of all dissolved solutes: a. isotonic b. hypotonic c. hypertonic d. osmolarity e. tonicity |
d. osmolarity
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Solution with an increased concentration of solutes compared to a living cell: a. isotonic b. hypotonic c. hypertonic d. osmolarity e. tonicity |
c. hypertonic
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Solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to a living cell a. isotonic b. hypotonic c. hypertonic d. osmolarity e. tonicity |
b. hypotonic
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Links solute movement directly to the hydrolysis of ATP: a. facilitiated diffusion b. primary active transport c. secondary active transport d. symport e. antiport |
b. primary active transport
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A driving ion crosses the membrane in the same direction as a different solute: a. facilitiated diffusion b. primary active transport c. secondary active transport d. symport e. antiport |
d. symport
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Corresponds to saturation of a given carrier protein a. specificity b. saturation c. transport maximum d. competition e. vesicular transport |
c. transport maximum
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Each carrier transports a single substance or a group of closely related substances a. specificity b. saturation c. transport maximum d. competition e. vesicular transport |
a. specificity
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Many specific carrier transporter proteins enable high neuronal membrane permeability a. Na/ K-ATPase pump b. K ion flow c. Na ion flow d. resting neuronal membrane potential e. protein anions |
b. K ion flow
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Totally nonpenetrating across the neuronal membrane a. Na/ K-ATPase pump b. K ion flow c. Na ion flow d. resting neuronal membrane potential e. protein anions |
e. protein anions
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Sets up the initial ion gradients required for excitatory cells a. Na/ K-ATPase pump b. K ion flow c. Na ion flow d. resting neuronal membrane potential e. protein anions |
a. Na/K-ATPase pump
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Membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential a. polarization b. depolarization c. repolarization d. hyperpolarization e. resting potential |
d. hyperpolarization
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Membrane potential becomes more positive than the resting potential a. polarization b. depolarization c. repolarization d. hyperpolarization e. resting potential |
b. depolarization
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Any membrane state with a non-zero membrane potential a. polarization b. depolarization c. repolarization d. hyperpolarization e. resting potential |
a. polarization
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Electrical conduction in myelinated neuronal fibers a. absolute refractory period b. relative refractory period c. contiguous conduction d. salutatory conduction e. action potential |
d. salutatory conduction
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A greater than normal re-stimulus is required to trigger a response a. absolute refractory period b. relative refractory period c. contiguous conduction d. salutatory conduction e. action potential |
b. relative refractory period
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No re-stimulus is possible regardless of strength a. absolute refractory period b. relative refractory period c. contiguous conduction d. salutatory conduction e. action potential |
a. absolute refractory period
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Forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system a. presynaptic period b. postsynaptic neuron c. Schawnn cell d. oligodendrocyte e. nodes of ranvier |
d. oligodendrocyte
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Gaps between sections of myelin sheath: a. presynaptic period b. postsynaptic neuron c. Schawnn cell d. oligodendrocyte e. nodes of ranvier |
e. nodes of ranvier
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Presynaptic input occurs so fast that they add together to reach the threshold: a. excitatory post-synaptic potential(EPSP) b. inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) c. grand post-synaptic potential (GPSP) d. temporal summation e. spatial summation |
d. temporal summation
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A small depolarization that brings the cell closer to the threshold a. excitatory post-synaptic potential(EPSP) b. inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) c. grand post-synaptic potential (GPSP) d. temporal summation e. spatial summation |
a. excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) |
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Long range chemical messages released into the circulation a. paracrines b. neurotransmitters c. hormones d. neurohormones e. G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) |
c. hormones
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Chemical messages that act locally only on nearby cells a. paracrines b. neurotransmitters c. hormones d. neurohormones e. G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) |
a. paracrines
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Triggers an intracellular secondary messenger in response to bindting a chemical message: a. paracrines b. neurotransmitters c. hormones d. neurohormones e. G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) |
e. G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)
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Examples are acetylcholine, dopamine, epinephrine and serotonin: a. paracrines b. neurotransmitters c. hormones d. neurohormones e. G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) |
b. neurotransmitters
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A receptor channel binds to an extracellular messenger and opens to trigger ion flow a. chemically gated receptor channel b. receptor protein tyrosine kinase c. G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) d. lipophilic hormone receptor e. none of these |
a. chemically gated receptor channel
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sex hormones bind directly to intracellular receptors to trigger DNA expression: a. chemically gated receptor channel b. receptor protein tyrosine kinase c. G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) d. lipophilic hormone receptor e. none of these |
D. lipophilic hormone receptor
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An extracellular receptor binds to an extracellular messenger to dimerize, activate and trigger an intracellular phosphorylation cascade: a. chemically gated receptor channel b. receptor protein tyrosine kinase c. G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) d. lipophilic hormone receptor e. none of these |
b. receptor protein tyrosine kinase
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Prepares the body for the Fight or Flight response: a. afferent b. efferent c. autonomic d. sympathetic e. parasympathetic |
d. sympathetic
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Prepares the body for the Feed and Breed response: a. afferent b. efferent c. autonomic d. sympathetic e. parasympathetic |
e. parasympathetic
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Typically associated with receptor cells bringing stimulus to the CNS a. afferent b. efferent c. autonomic d. sympathetic e. parasympathetic |
a. afferent
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Physically supports CNS neuronal cells nad forms the Blood-Brain Barrier: a. neuronal cell b. astrocytes c. oligodendrocytes d. microglial cells e. ependymal cells |
b. astrocytes
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Forms the myelin sheath in the CNS a. neuronal cell b. astrocyte c. oligodendrocytes d. microglial e. ependymal cells |
c. oligodendrocytes
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Contains somatosensory system and primary motor areas: a. cerebral cortex b. basal nuclei c. hypothalamus d. cerebellum e. brain stem |
a. cerebral cortex
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Integrating center for homeostatic functions. Links autonomic and endocrine systems: a. cerebral cortex b. basal nuclei c. hypothalamus d. cerebellum e. brain stem |
c. hypothalamus
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Associated with language comprehension-both spoken and written: a. limbic system b. primary auditory cortex c, primary visual cortex d. Broca's area e. Wernicke's area |
e. Wernicke's area
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Controls emotion, basic behavioral patterns, motivation, learning, and memory a. limbic system b. primary auditory cortex c. primary visual cortex d. Broca's area e. Wernicke's area |
a. limbic system
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The "what" type memories processed in the hippocampus a. short term memory b. long term memory c. declarative memory d. procedural memory e. consolidation |
c. declarative memory
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Conversion of short term memory traces into long term memory stores: a. short term memory b. long term memory c. declarative memory d. procedural memory e. consolidation |
e. consolidation
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Pain receptors sensitive to tissue damage or tissue distortion: a. mechanoreceptors b. photoreceptors c. thermoreceptors d. osmoreceptors e. nociceptors |
e. nociceptors
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Detects changes in solute concentration in body fluids: a. mechanoreceptors b. photoreceptors c. thermoreceptors d. osmoreceptors e. nociceptors |
d. osmoreceptors
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Slow adapting encapsulated receptors-respond to pressure and temperature: a. hair receptors b. Merkel's disc c. Pacanian corpuscles d. Ruffini endings e. Meissner's corpuscles |
b. Merkel's disc
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Muscular tissue and changes pupil size: a. ciliary b. iris c. lens d. retina e. cornea |
b. iris
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Muscular tissue changes lens shape and focal length: a. ciliary body b. iris c. lens d. retina e. cornea |
a. ciliary body
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Innermost layer within the retina. Axons form the optic nerve: a. rods b. cones c. bipolar d. ganglion cells e. macula lutea |
d. ganglion cells
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120 million per retina, provides night vision in black and white: a. rods b. cones c. bipolar cells d. ganglions cells e. macula lutea |
a. rods
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Responds to incident light by undergoing a cis to trans conformational change a. retinal b. opsin c. transducin d. organ of corti e. basilar membrane |
a. retinal
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A G-protein in the eye activates in response to stimulation by light reception: a. retinal b. opsin c. transducin d. organ of corti e. basilar membrane |
c. transducin
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forms the hairs of the hair cells within the inner ear. a. vestibular apparatus b. utricle and saccule c. organ of corti d. cochlea e. sterocilia |
e. sterocilia
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Uses otoliths to provide information on head position: a. vestibular apparatus b. Utricle and saccule c. organ of corti d. cochlea e. sterocilia |
b. Utricle and saccule
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Most complex group of receptors responding to a wide variety of tastants: a. salt b. sour c. sweet d. bitter e. umami |
d. bitter
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Only region of the spine where parasympathetic preganglionic fibers arise: a. cerebrum b. cervical c. thoracic d. lumbar e. sacral |
e. sacral
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Blocks acetylcholine release-popular use in cosmetic treatments: a. black widow spider venom b. botulinum toxin c. curare d. organophosphates e. Myasthenia gravis |
b. botulinum toxin
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An autoimmune disease that destroys acetylcholine receptors: a. black widow spider venom b. botulinum toxin c. curare d. organophosphates e. myasthenia gravis |
e. myasthenia gravis
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Binds ATP to form a high energy conformation capable of imparting motion: a. actin b. myosin c. tropomyosin d. troponin e. calmodulin |
b. mysoin
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Binds calcium in both skeletal and cardiac muscle a. actin b. myosin c. tropomyosin d. troponin e. calmodulin |
d. troponin
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Covers actin sites blocking cross-bridge binding a. actin b. myosin c. tropomyosin d. troponin e. calmodulin |
c. tropomyosin
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Binds calcium in smooth muscle leading to the phosphorylation of myosin a. actin b. myosin c. tropomyosin d. troponin e. calmodulin |
e. calmodulin
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Breaks down neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction to halt further contraction: a. neuromuscular junction b. motor end plate c. transverse (T) tubulues d. sarcoplasmic reticulum e. acetylcholine esterase |
e. acetylcholine esterase
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Intracellular storage of calcium released during myocyte stimulation: a. neuromuscular junction b. motor end plate c. transverse (T) tubulues d. sarcoplasmic reticulum e. acetylcholine esterase |
d. sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Delivers action potentials perpendicularly down to the central muscle tissue: a. neuromuscular junction b. motor end plate c. transverse (T) tubulues d. sarcoplasmic reticulum e. acetylcholine esterase |
c. transverse (T) tubules
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Smooth sustained contraction at maximum strength: a. isotonic b. isokinetic c. isometric d. tetanus e. optimal muscle length |
d. tetanus
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Muscle length remains constant as tension increases: a. isotonic b. isokinetic c. isometric d. tetanus e. optimal muscle length |
c. isometric
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Provides a rapid quick energy source for less than 1 minute in skeletal muscle: a. free fatty acids b. glycogen c. creatine phosphate d. proteins e. lactate |
c. creatine phosphate
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End product of glycolysis in anaerobically exercising skeletal muscle: a. free fatty acids b. glycogen c. creatine phosphate d. proteins e. lactate |
e. lactate
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Senses changes in tension generated by skeletal muscle: a. intrafusal fibers b. extrafusal fibers c. Golgi tendon organ d. prmary annulospiral endings e. secondary flower-spray endings |
c. Golgi tendon organ
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Ordinary muscle fiber able to generate contraction along its entire length a. intrafusal fibers b. extrafusal fibers c. Golgi tendon organ d. prmary annulospiral endings e. secondary flower-spray endings |
b. extrafusal fibers
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