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223 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Taking food into the system
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Ingestion
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Chewing, Mixing, Churning and segmentation of food
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Mechanical Digestion
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Enzymatic degradation of foodstuffs into simpler molecules
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Chemical Digestion
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Passage of Digested materials from the lumen of the GI tract into the blood or lymph
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Absorption
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Elimination of digestible solids
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Defacation
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Provide the primary source of fuel for ATP synthesis
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Carbohydrates
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Acts as an accessory fuel
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Lipids
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Important structural material (keratin, collagen, etc) and functional materials (enzymes, etc)
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Proteins
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Most function as co-enzymes; not used as structural components
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Vitamins
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Incorporation into some body structures; used in conjunction with enzymes
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Minerals
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Solvent for chemical reactions in body
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Water
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A protein metabolite found in skeletal muscle and excreted in urine
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Creatinine
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Not normally found in the urine
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Glucose
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A detoxified ammonia compound
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Urea
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In relation to the extrinsic salivary glands.......
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....they are primarily regulated by the parasympathetic division of ANS
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During deglutination, the bolus passes into the stomach from the esophagus through the
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gastroesophageal sphincter
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Protective collections of lymphocytes and macrophages occur in
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the peyers patches
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Starch is chemically digested by enzymes produced in the
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salivary glands and pancreas
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Swallowing reflexes begin when the receptors are stimulated by food in this structure
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pharynx
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Blood flows into the liver via the ___________ and ___________; while blood exits the liver via the __________.
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Hepatic Portal vein, hepatic artery, hepatic vein
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The major outcome that occurs through mechanical digestive activities is
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an increase in the surface area of food by breaking it into smaller fragments.
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The propulsive function that occurs int eh esophagus is called
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Peristalsis
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The stimulus for the release of pancreatic enzymes is
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the presence of chyme in the duodenum containing protein and fats
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What is the mixing action that exposes materials to secretions and absorptive factors?
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Segmentation
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What is the function of the large intestine?
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Absorption of water, ions, and some vitamins
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This organ provides absorbative function; is shorter than the small intestine; contains a large number of bacteria
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Large intestine
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Characteristic of essential nutrients
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Cannot by synthesized by the body
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in glycolysis, glucose must be activate with the use of how many ATP molecules?
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2
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Most __________ function as co-enzymes in the body
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Vitamins
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The form of visual pigments is a function of
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vitamin A
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The stage of cell respiration in which carbon dioxide is removed from a carbon source is
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Krebs Cycle
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The most significant source of heat in the body is
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cellular respiration
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What releases energy stored in chemical bonds?
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the process of cellular respiration
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Fats have many more calories than carbohydrates because they ....
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contain more potential acetyl groups to enter Krebs Cycle
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The thermoregulatory center is located in the
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hypothalamus
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Chromium is considered a
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trace element
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Insulin release would occur in:
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the absorptive state
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The hormone that controls essentially all events of the absorptive state is
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Insulin
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How is Na+ reabsorbed?
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Active transport using ATP
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In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce
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urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions
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Nephron cells that respond to the concentration of filtrate are
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macula densa cells
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What produces a concentration gradient that will allow the nephron to concentrate filtrate?
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countercurrent mechanism
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The most important factor influencing glomerular filtration rate is
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blood hydrostatic pressure
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when the concentration of ADH increases....
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less urine is produced
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which structure is the muscular tube that delivers urine to the bladder
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ureter
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which substance of the following would have the lowest absorption rate? amino acids: sodium: urea: glucos
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urea
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urine passes through what in what order to get to the external environment?
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calyx; renal pelvis; ureter; urinary bladder; urethra
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If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate will:
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increase
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Death of mitochondria in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle would result in
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Increased Na+ and Cl- ions in the urine output
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What is the main substance reabsorbed in the region of the descending limb of the loop of Henle?
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Water
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Fertilization of the ovum usually occurs in the
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fallopian (uterine) tube
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Metabolic rate of oocyte increases, cortical reaction occurs and sperms are prohibited from entering the ovum and the ovum completes meiosis occur during
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Oocyte activation
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In human, when two sperm (polyspermy) occur in an ovum, the result is
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non-developing egg
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Most of the organs and organ systems are complete during which trimester?
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second
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Penetration of the endometrium by the blastocyst is referred to as
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implantation
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The germ layer that develops into all the neural tissues indlucing brain and spinal cord is the
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ectoderm
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The extraembryonic membrane that forms the fetal portion of the placenta is the
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chorion
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This hormone is produced by the embryo soon after conception and later by the syncytial trophoblast of the placenta. It[s presence in the urine is used in pregnancy tests.
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human chorionic gonadotropin
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Having ones' water break refers tto the discharge of
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amniotic fluid
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the syncytial trophoblast separates the fetal circulation from maternal blood creating a barrier
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at the placenta
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The pituitary hormone involved in milk let-down is
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oxytocin
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If an individual carries a pair of alleles that are the same they are
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homozygous
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If an individual carries a pari of alleles that are different, the allele that is expressed in the phenotype is the
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dominant gene
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If a gene isn an X-0chromosome is NOT polygenic, it is ____ in the male
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Dominant
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Paired chromosomes of the same gene are called
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Homologous
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Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes are called
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autosomes
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The various forms of any one gene are called
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alleles
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If an individual carries a pair of alleles that are the same, they are _____ for the trait.
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homozygous
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In polygenic ingeritance, characteristics are determined, or controlled, by:
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multiple alleles
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Does the spermatozoon contain a golgi apparatus?
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NO
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The process of creating haploid cells is called
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meiosis
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What does ADH stimulate
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water conservation in the kidneys
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what does aldosterone do?
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promote sodium retention in the kidney
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amound of potassium secreted by the kidney is regulated by
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aldosterone
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calcium reabsorption in the kidney is from
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PTH (Para-thyroid-hormone)
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are large amounts of the chloride ion lost each day in urine?
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No
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the primary role of the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system is to
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prevent pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids
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Hypoventialtion would cause
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respiratory acidosis
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prolonged vomiting can result in
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metabolic alkalosis
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what hormone stimulates thirst?
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ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
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exchange among subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily in the
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capillaries
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Is normal urine cloudy?
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No
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The cells of the macula densa and the JCG form the
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JG apparatus
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the outer most layer of the kidney tissue is called
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renal cortex
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the internal cavity lined by fibrous capsule and locate in the area of the hilus is the
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renal sinus
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Renal artery interlobular artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery and afferent arteriole glomerulus carry blood tot he
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kidney
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the substance that is monitored in the blood and urine to establish the GFR is
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creatinine
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The effect of aldosterone is
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to increase sodium reabsorption at the DCT and collectin duct
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Where is the renal pyramid found?
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Renal Medulla
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Urine is carried out to the urinary bladder by
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the ureters
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The Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus make up the
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renal corpuscle
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The sequence of the fluid flow in the nephron is:
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renal capsule; PCT; loop of Henle
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Almost all the organic nutrients reabsorption occur at the
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PCT
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Renal Filtration occurrs at
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Renal Bowman's capsule
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Aldosterone regulates sodium pumps at the
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DCT
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The hormonal regulation of GFR is out by
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Angiotensin II
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The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ____________ epithelium tissue
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transitional
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Which of the following is not a function of the countercurrent multiplication
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mechanism
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Where is the renal pyramid found?
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Renal Medulla
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Urine is carried out to the urinary bladder by
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the ureters
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The Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus make up the
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renal corpuscle
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The sequence of the fluid flow in the nephron is:
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renal capsule; PCT; loop of Henle
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Almost all the organic nutrients reabsorption occur at the
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PCT
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Renal Filtration occurrs at
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Renal Bowman's capsule
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Aldosterone regulates sodium pumps at the
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DCT
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The hormonal regulation of GFR is out by
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Angiotensin II
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The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ____________ epithelium tissue
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transitional
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Which of the following is not a function of the countercurrent multiplication mechanism
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reabsorption of Ca++
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What happens when the pituitary secretes more ADH
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Urine volume decreases
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Glucosuria is a symptom of diabetes because
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the concentration of glucose int eh plasma excretes the TM of the nephrons.
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The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and red blood cells is
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glucose
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Anabolism includes reactions in which
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large molecules or structures are built from smaller ones.
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Does vasoconstriction increase heat?
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yes
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The process of breaking triglyceride down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as
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lypolysis
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lipogenisis occurs when
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there is a shortage of fatty acids
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glycogen is formed in the liver during the
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absorptive state
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vitamins are organic compounds
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they function as coenzymes to assist catalysis
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the body progresses from absorptive to the postabosorptive all organs switch from
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the brian
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is vasoconstriction a hair loss mechanism?
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no
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the most improtant hormonal factor in determining BMR is
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thyroxine
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what nutrient yields a high amount of energy per gram when metabolized
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fats
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does glycolysis occur in the mitochondria
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no
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what vitamin is essential to blood clotting
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K
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trace minerals of cobalt area constituent of
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vitamin b12
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vitamin A, D, and b12 are stored in the
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liver
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Vasodilation of the skin at room temperature
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lowers body temperature
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a critical lipid that is used a building block of cells and hormones instead of energy source are
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cholesterol
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Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and oxydation phosphorlyphperation occur in the
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mitochondria
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The _____ i s released to the blood and removed from the body by the urine
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urea
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Lipids are not water soluble transport cholesterol to perhipheral tissues and regulate cholesterol syntheses
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LDL (Low Density Lipoproteins)
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The essential mineral for production of T3 and T4 are
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Iodine
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Menopause is caused by
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no primordial follicles left to respond to follicle-stimulating hormone
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Three main duties of the reproductive system
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produce gametes
transport gametes nourish all gametes |
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Projections of the tunica albuginea, known as septae, divide the testis into:
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Lobules
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What is the spermatic cord?
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a bundle of tissue containing the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics.
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what do the sertoli (sustentacular) cells do?
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maintain blood-testis barrier, support spermiogenisis, secrete inhibin, secrete androgen-binding protein.
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Do the sertoli cells secrete testosterone?
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No
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Regarding spermatogenisis, the cells that are formed at the end of meiosis are called:
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spermatids
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In the core of each villus, there is a lymph capillary called what?
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lacteal
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the wave of smooth muscle contraction that moves foodstuffs through the alimentary canal is called?
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peristalsis
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Chemical digestion that begins in the mouth uses what and works on what?
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amylase, carbohydrates
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What foodstuffs have a digestion that begins in the stomach?
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proteins
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the sheets of peritoneal membrane that extend to the digestive organs
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mesentary
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The inner cell mass of the blastocyst will form
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the embryo
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The process of cell division that occurs after fertilization is called
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cleavage
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At what age in fetal development is the heart beat first present
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4 weeks or month
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By day of embryonic development a new layer forms creating the three germ layers this process is called
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gastrulation
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The most important factor affecting the glomerus filtration rate is
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the glomerular filtration pressure
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When implantation first occurs nutrients formed by the trophoblast can easily reach the inner cell mass with simple
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Diffusion
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Embryologic in early fetal development occurs in what trimester
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first trimester
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Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes are called
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autosomes
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The period of gestation characterized by rapid absolute fetal growth is the what ____ trimester.
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Third trimester
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Sperm production occurs in the
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seminiferous tubules
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Sperm develops from stem cells called
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spermatogonia
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Projections of the tunica albuginea known as septae divide the testis into
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lobules
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The spermatic cord contains
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Artery veins, vas deferens, lymphatics blood vessels, nerves
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Nerves that go through the spermatic cord is called
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genital femoral
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Interstitial cells of Leydig produce
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Testerone
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Another cell along the interstitial cell
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Sustentacular cells or Sertoli cells
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What process occurs during Amphimixis
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Fusion of the male and female pronuclei
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Where does the fertilization of the ovum occur
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Fallopian tubes
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The principle cation in intercellular fluid is
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Potassium
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Hypoventilation would cause _____ acidosis
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Respiratory
|
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The most significant source of heat in the body is
|
cellular metabolism
|
|
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Starch is chemically digested by enzymes produced in the
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pancreas and salvia
|
|
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Nephron cells that respond to the concentration of filtrate are
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JG cells/ Juxtaglomerular cells
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|
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Micuration is a _____ reflex
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Sacral
|
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Prolonged vomiting can result in
|
Metabolic alkalosis
|
|
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The primary role of the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system is to
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Maintaining a stable pH counteracting the production of hydrogen ions from organic fixed acids
|
|
|
One of the effect of ADH is
|
Water retention
|
|
|
Accumulation of excess fluid in the tissue is called
|
Edema
|
|
|
Water transports between intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid occurs by
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osmosis Calcium reabsorption by the kidney is promoted by the hormone- PTH (parathyroid hormone)
|
|
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Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism
|
ADH
|
|
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A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of _______acidosis/alkalosis
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Respiratory acidosis
|
|
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A spermatozoon contains all of the following parts of the cell except:
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Golgi apparatus (it does contain nucleus, mitochondria, flagellum)
|
|
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The process of creating haploid cells is called:
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meiosis
|
|
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The sequence of the travel of spermatozoa is
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testis, Epididymis, Ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland
|
|
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The interstitial cells (of Leydig) of the seminiferous tubule produce
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androgen
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Sperm production occurs at the:
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seminiferous tubules
|
|
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The target of the pituitary hormone follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) in males is the
|
seminiferous tubules
|
|
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The uterus is located
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posterior to the urinary bladder and anterior to the colon
|
|
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The muscular wall of uterus is called the
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myometrium
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The inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is the
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cervix
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The ligaments that arise on the lateral margins of the uterus and extend through the inguinal canal are the
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round ligaments
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|
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A corpus luteum is formed by
|
the follicle after ovulation
|
|
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Chronologically, the luteal phase of ovarian cycle corresponds to ____ of the uterine cycle
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secretory phase
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|
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The surge of luteinizing hormone level occurs right before
|
Answer ovulation
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|
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During the menses phase of the uterine cycle
|
the functional layer is sloughed off
|
|
|
In the core of each villus, there is a lymph capillary called?
|
Lacteal
|
|
|
The wave like smooth muscle contraction that move foodstuffs through the alimentary canal is called?
|
peristalsis
|
|
|
The chemical digestion starting with the mouth is?
|
carbohydrates
|
|
|
The chemical digestion starting at the stomach is?
|
proteins
|
|
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The sheets of peritoneal membrane that extends to the digestive organs.
|
mesentery
|
|
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The segment of small intestine that connects to the cecum?
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Ileum
|
|
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The primary dentition consists of the deciduous teeth.
|
There are 20 deciduous teeth that fall out before the age of 12
|
|
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What are the stomach epithelium cells that secrete gastric acid and intrinsic factor?
|
parietal cells
|
|
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Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the?
|
Proteins and peptide fragments
|
|
|
The bile from gallbladder
|
Drains through pancreas to duodenum
|
|
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The stomach parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor, which is essential in the absorption of
|
Vitamin B12
|
|
|
Hepatocytes do not
|
do not secrete digestive enzymes
|
|
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Which of the following is not an anatomic characteristic of the colon?
|
pilcae circulars
|
|
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The function of the goblet cells in the intestinal wall is?
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Produce mucus that protects the intestinal wall.
|
|
|
The fluid secreted into the small intestine that contains emulsify that fat is
|
Bile
|
|
|
Struction of tooth includes
|
A thin periodontal ligament that holds the tooth in the alveolus
|
|
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A baby with an abnormal pyloric valve has a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding because of the frequent loss of gastric juices the blood test will likely indicate
|
Alkalosis (pH value too high)
|
|
|
The longest portion of the alimentary canal is
|
jejunum
|
|
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Fat is broken down to fatty acids and monoglysarides and formed ______ to be transported to the systemic circulation via the lymph.
|
Chorea
|
|
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Which of the following has all the parts in proper sequence
|
cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon see pg 83
|
|
|
The amount of water in the human body constitutes about
|
50% of body weight.
|
|
|
The most abundant cation in the ICF is
|
Potassium (k+)
|
|
|
The most abundant anion in the ECF is
|
Chloride (Cl-)
|
|
|
Water transport between ICF and ECF is done by
|
Osmosis
|
|
|
One of the effects of ADH is
|
A reduce water loss in urine
|
|
|
One of the effects of NP is to
|
Increase sodium excretion in the kidneys.
|
|
|
Accumulation of excess fluid in the tissue is called
|
Edema
|
|
|
Excessive consumption of water will cause
|
Dangerously diluted electrolyte in body fluid
|
|
|
The function of chemical buffer system is to
|
Stabilize the pH value of the sodium
|
|
|
A normal response to acidosis is to
|
Increase pulmonary ventilation
|
|
|
ICF is found
|
in cells of the body
|
|
|
The components of ECF include
|
Interstitial fluid, Plasma, Lymph, CSF,
|
|
|
When water is lost but electrolyte are retained in the ECF
|
The osmolarity of the ECF falls
|
|
|
When large amount of pure water are consumed
|
Osmolarities of two compartments are slightly lowered
|
|
|
Consuming a meal high in salt will
|
result in a temporally increase in blood volume
|
