Final

Front 1

Respiratory therapists use this measure instead of using mm of Hg

Back 1

Torr

Front 2

What is the Hering-Bruer Reflex?

Back 2

Prevents overinflation of the lungs

Front 3

What branches from the trachea at the carina?

Back 3

Primary bronchus

Front 4

What happens at the glomerulus?

Back 4

Filtration, Absorption and secretion

Front 5

Where do we adjust our water content in the kidneys?

Back 5

Collecting tubules and Nephron Loop

Front 6

What is gastrin?

Back 6

A hormone

Front 7

What does gastrin do?

Back 7

It stimulates gastric juices

Front 8

What does CCK stand for?

Back 8

cholecystokinin

Front 9

What does CCK do?

Back 9

It restricts gall bladder so you can eject the bile and it dilates the sphincter

Front 10

What is the function of the large intestine?

Back 10

Water reabsorption and compaction

Front 11

What produces 90% of our ATP, what process?

Back 11

Glycolysis

Front 12

What is the electron transport system called?

Back 12

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Front 13

What happens during glycolysis?

Back 13

Breakdown of glucose to form 2 pyruvates

produces 4 ATPs, 2 NADH, uses 2 ATPs for a net of 2 ATPs and 2 NADH

This process does not require much Oxygen and does not yield much energy

Front 14

 equation for cellular respiration

Back 14

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (atp)

Front 15

what gas is needed for cellular respiration to take place?

Back 15

oxygen

Front 16

what gas is produced by cellular respiration?

Back 16

carbon dioxide

Front 17

what are the 2 metabolic pathways a cell can use?

Back 17

aerobic or anaerobic respiration

Front 18

what are the three phases of cellular respiration?

Back 18

glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain

Front 19

where in the cell does glycolysis take place and why?

Back 19

cytoplasm

Front 20

where in the cell does the Krebs cycle take place and why?

Back 20

matrix of mitochondria

Front 21

where in the cell does the electron transport chain occur?

Back 21

inner membrane

Front 22

how many ATP are made during glycolysis?

Back 22

2 ATP

Front 23

how many ATP are made during the Kreb's cycle?

Back 23

2 ATP

Front 24

how many ATP are made during the electron transport chain?

Back 24

34 ATP

Front 25

in which phase of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide made?

Back 25

Kreb's cycle

Front 26

what are NAD+ and FAD?

Back 26

electron acceptors

Front 27

what do NAD+ and FAD do?

Back 27

they carry electrons to the mitochondria

Front 28

what do NAD+ and FAD become?

Back 28

NADH and FADH2

Front 29

in which phase of cellular respiration is water made?

Back 29

electron transport chain

Front 30

cellular respiration begins with?

Back 30

glucose

Front 31

glucose is broken down during?

Back 31

glycolysis

Front 32

glycolysis produces?

Back 32

pyruvate

Front 33

how many CO2 molecules are released for each cycle of the Krebs cycle?

Back 33

2

Front 34

NADH/H+ is generated during what two phases of cellular respiration?

Back 34

glycolysis and kreb's cycle

Front 35

FADH2 is generated during what phase of cellular respiration?

Back 35

kreb's cycle

Front 36

the electron tranport chain converts the energy stored in NADH and FADH2 into what kind of energy?

Back 36

potential energy (in the form of a gradient)

Front 37

what is the electron transport chain?

Back 37

a series of proteins in the inner membrane of mitochondria

Front 38

why does glycolysis occur in the cytoplasm?

Back 38

area where most chemical reactions take place, and is where necessary enzymes are located.

Front 39

why does the krebs cycle occur in the matrix of mitochondria?

Back 39

it's where the necessary enzymes are located.

Front 40

What do natriuretic peptides do?

Back 40

lower blood pressure

Front 41

How do natriuretic peptides lower blood pressure?

Back 41

Reduces thirst

reduce secretion of ADH & Aldosterone

Gets rid of sodium

dumps water

diuresis

Front 42

The formation of different types of cells during development occurs through a selective turning on and off of genes, this is known as?

Back 42

Differentiation

Front 43

What are the cells that are the primary target for insulin?

Back 43

Skeletal

Liver

Adipocytes

Cardiac

(all of them)

Front 44

Where does lymphopoiesis mainly occur?

Back 44

In the bone marrow

Front 45

Where does erythropoiesis mainly occur?

Back 45

red bone marrow

Front 46

The condition in which oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced owing to low blood hemoglobin concentration is known as?

Back 46

Anemia

Front 47

This is a symptom brought on by coronary ischemia?

Back 47

Angina Pectoris

Front 48

This is what carries blood away from the heart?

Back 48

Arteries

Front 49

This is what carries blood back to the heart?

Back 49

Veins

Front 50

What increases surface area in the intestines?

Back 50

Villi and Circular folds

Front 51

What cation is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function and blood clot formation?

Back 51

Calcium

Front 52

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in?

Back 52

Right primary bronchus

Front 53

Why do foreign objects get lodged in right primary bronchus?

Back 53

Because it descends at a steeper angle

Front 54

What is the elastic cartilage that covers the opening of the trachea?

Back 54

Epiglottis

Front 55

Billy has just received a kidney transplant and he is taking Ciclosporin A, what does this medication do?

Back 55

It is going to suppress his Helper T Cells

Front 56

The thyroid gland is composed of many things that store thyroid hormones, what are they?

Back 56

Thyroid follicles - follicles - they contain colloid and they are simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 57

What recommendations would you give your patient that has an excessive amount of melatonin production?

Back 57

Go outside more

Give them antidepressants

Stop taking melatonin supplements

go under special light spectrum

can affect people who have SAD

All of the above

Front 58

The mesoderm & trophoblast combine to form what?

Back 58

The chorion

Front 59

The amniotic membrane that is filled with fluid is what?

Back 59

Amnion

Front 60

Which one would not increase peripheral resistance. Would it be vasoconstriction or vasodilation?

Back 60

Vasodilation

Front 61

If you double the blood pressure, what do you do to the flow?

Back 61

Double the flow

Front 62

What does Angiotensin II produce?

Back 62

Sequence -

RAAS to Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II to Aldosterone to sodium to water

Front 63

What are the zones of the adrenal glands?

Back 63

Granulosa - secretes mineralcorticoids

mainly aldosterone

It is the outer layer

Front 64

What are the zones of the adrenal glands?

Back 64

Fasiculata - secretes glucocorticoids

cortisol and gluconeogenesis

it is the middle layer

Front 65

What are the zones of the adrenal glands?

Back 65

Reticularis - secretes androgens - most important is testosterone

Inner layer

Front 66

What is the neonatal period?

Back 66

Day 1 to Day 16

Front 67

What do we call it when the heart cannot maintain adequate output anymore?

Back 67

Heart failure

Front 68

What is a healthy adults normal respiratory rate range?

Back 68

12 to 18 breaths per minute

Front 69

What is the area in the urinary bladder that is bounded by 2 openings in the urethra?

Back 69

Trigone

Front 70

If blood pressure doubled, blood flow through vessel would be?

Back 70

doubled

Front 71

What are our primary source of fuel?

Back 71

Glucose

Front 72

What does glucose anaerobically break down into?

Back 72

Pyruvate

Front 73

Which WBC releases histamine at the site of injury?

Back 73

Basophils

Front 74

This circuit carries blood from the aorta to your right ventricle?

Back 74

Systemic Circuit

Front 75

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretions of progesterone and testosterone from testicles is which one?

Back 75

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Front 76

When a crime scene investigator is looking for a biological fluid sample that contains IGA antibodies, this fluid would have typically come from what?

Back 76

Lymph Serum which is located in tears

Front 77

Blood vessels that supply the pancreas and most of the large intestine and small intestine is the what?

Back 77

Superior Mesenteric Artery

Front 78

Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membranes of what?

Back 78

APC & Lymphocytes

APC = Antigen Presenting Cells

Front 79

What an antibody binds to a specific antigen, what does it form?

Back 79

Antibody-Antigen Complex

Front 80

Which artery supplies the left ventricle?

Back 80

Coronary flows =

Left circumflex anterior ventricular and

on other side,

Right Marginal posterior artery

Front 81

During exercise, will you vasodilate your peripheral vessels?

Back 81

Yes

Front 82

While exercising, will you dilate or constrict your heart vessels?

Back 82

dilate

Front 83

While exercising, will you increase or reduce venous return back to heart?

Back 83

Increase

Front 84

Will you increase cardiac output during exercise and why?

Back 84

Yes, because tissue demands more oxygen, too much waste, increased cardiac output, the venous return tells the heart you have to push back out further and harder

Front 85

The small saphenous, the tibial and the fibula veins are going to form what vein?

Back 85

Popliteal vein

Front 86

The great saphenous will join to what vein?

Back 86

Femoral vein

Front 87

The two femoral veins are going to form what?

Back 87

The external iliac vein joins with the internal iliac vein which becomes the common iliac vein which then forms the Inferior Vena Cava.

Front 88

The IVC taps everything back in it except what?

Back 88

Digestive

Front 89

The digestive goes back through what system?

Back 89

Hepatic portal system

Front 90

The hepatic portal system bring which vein back to the IVC?

Back 90

Hepatic portal vein

Front 91

What three things come back to IVC and to the right atria?

Back 91

the IVC, SVC and Coronary Sinus

Front 92

Pathway of blood

Back 92

From RA goes through Tricuspid valve into RV through Pulmonary semilunar valve into pulmonary trunk that splits into R & L Pulmonary arteries and it goes into lungs through the arteries & capillaries to venules to veins bringing oxygenated blood back to the heart through the pulmonary veins back to the LA through the bicuspid into the LV through the Aorta semilunar valve branching out to the systemic circuit

Front 93

What does a reticulocyte become?

Back 93

RBC - erythrocyte

Front 94

What is another name for a WBC?

Back 94

Leukocyte

Front 95

How do we store excess iron in the liver & spleen?

Back 95

Forms a hemosiderin - and as a ferritin

Front 96

What do we find in the interventricular and coronary sulci?

Back 96

Coronary arteries

Coronary veins

Adipose

Grooves on surface of heart

All of the above

Front 97

If you take a calcium blocking drug, what are the effects on your body?

Back 97

Does it elevate or lower your BP

Does it increase or lower your heart rate

Front 98

What is the pericardial fluid?

Back 98

Between the heart and it is a sac called the pericardium. Fluid is within the cavity

Front 99

If you contract your papillary muscle, what happens? and why are you doing that?

Back 99

Papillary muscle in heart - it connects to chorda tendenae - contracting and pulling of chorda tendenae prevents backflow

Front 100

What is the layer inside the heart called?

Back 100

Endocardium

Front 101

The endocardium is lined by a 1 cell thick layer and it is called?

Back 101

Endothelium (lines blood vessels)

Front 102

All cells that respond to a hormone must have?

Back 102

Receptors - known as target cells

Front 103

The two lobes of the thymus are connected by?

Back 103

the isthmus - a channel or bridge

Front 104

The hypothalamus acts both as a neural and a ________ organ?

Back 104

Endocrine

Front 105

What does a pineal gland do?

Back 105

Secretes melatonin and regulates the epithalamus

Front 106

Most of the chemicals involved in the coagulation pathways are?

Back 106

Proteins -

Not vitamins, electrolytes, lipids or carbohydrates

Front 107

Hormones that regulate WBC to form are known as?

Back 107

Colony Stimulating hormones - stimulating hormones that work on colonies

Front 108

What are the following target cells for the hormone that causes a decrease in blood calcium levels?

Back 108

Osteoblasts

Front 109

The hormone that regulates male & female reproductive organs are known as?

Back 109

Gonadotropins

Front 110

Aldosterone does what?

Back 110

Retains sodium, which then raises BP

Front 111

ADH

Back 111

Water reclamation

Front 112

When you body defends itself against a particular pathogen, what kind of immunity is that?

Back 112

Adaptive

Front 113

Where does sperm production occur?

Back 113

Seminiferous tubules inside testes

Front 114

A person consumes a large amount of baking soda to settle an upset stomach, risks developing are?

Back 114

Metabolic alkalosis

Front 115

If you have overwhelming diabetes, you have

Back 115

metabolic acidosis

Front 116

What does the kidneys do for metabolic acidosis?

Back 116

dumps the hydrogen and reclaims the bicarbonate

Front 117

What do the lungs do for acidosis?

Back 117

Increase respiratory rate

What caused the acidosis?

Holding your breath

Front 118

What caused Respiratory alkalosis?

Back 118

Hyperventilation, flushed all CO2 out

What does system do?

reduce respiratory rate

Front 119

What does kidney do for metabolic alkalosis?

Back 119

release bicarbonate and reclaim the hydrogen