Final

Front 1

Hypotonicity

Back 1

Abnormal decrease in muscle tone. lesion to LMN

Front 2

Hypertonicity

Back 2

Abnormal increase in muscle tone/ resistance to active/passive movement. Lesion to UMN

Front 3

Hyporflexia

Back 3

Lack of reflexes: decrease in deep tendon reflexes. Lesion to LMN

Front 4

Hyperflexia

Back 4

Too much sensitivity to reflexes. Increase in deep tendon reflexes. Lesion UMN

Front 5

Spasticity

Back 5

Form of Hypertonicity: increase muscle tone. Difficulty actively/passively moving spastic muscle groups, either flexor or reflexors (one not both). Lesion UMN

Front 6

Rigidity (two types)

Back 6

1. Lead pipe: no movement

2. Cogwheel: little movement

Form of hypertonicity. Difficulty actively &passively moving the muscle groups on both sides of joint. Lesion UMN: result of basal ganglia dysfunction.

Front 7

Clonus

Back 7

Uncontrolled oscillation of a muscle that occurs in a spastic muscle group.

Lesion UMN

Front 8

Praxis ( 3 types)

Back 8

1. ideational- ability to cognitively understand motor demands.

2. ideomotor planning I- store motor planning abilities- can access it. Ability to plan to access appropriate motor plan

3. Ideomotor planning II- implement appropriate motor plan, or put into action

Front 9

Apraxia

Back 9

No motor plan.

Lesion UMN.

Front 10

Hemiballismus

Back 10

Damage of basal ganglia

Involuntary hyperkinetic movement involving ipsalateral arm and leg.

Front 11

Athetosis

Back 11

Constant writhing movement cause by injury to deeply situated structures caused by lack of oxygen. Damage to Basal Ganglia. Lesion UMN. Ex: cerebral palsy

Front 12

Chorea

Back 12

Sudden involuntary jerky movements that involve the axial and proximal limb areas. Damage to Basal Ganglia.

Front 13

Dystonia

Back 13

Damage to Basal Ganglia. Lesion UMN.

Repetitive muscle contractions result in abnormal postures. worsen over time

Front 14

Tardive Dyskinesia

Back 14

Movement disorder resulting from chronic use of dopamine receptor antagonists. Decrease sensitivity to dopamine receptors. Damage to basal ganglia.

Front 15

Tremor (2 types)

Back 15

Tremor- involuntary oscillating movements of muscles.

1. Static (dynamic)- trying to use muscles

2. Resting- involuntary at rest.

No lesion but damage to cerebellum

Front 16

TICS

Back 16

Repetitive brief rapid involuntary movement. Purposeless (but ppl feel they have to do it) sound, movements, muscles, meaningful utterances. Waxing/waning: could be there for a week, month, year...

Dopamine involvement; recovery from strep throat.

No lesion areas

Front 17

Ataxia

Back 17

Uncoordinated movements due to cerebellar lesions.

Front 18

Dysmetria (two types)

Back 18

-inability to judge distance; perceive objects

1. hypermetria: overshoot

2. hypometria: understood
neocerrebellar lesions in posterior lobe

Front 19

Adiachokinesia

Back 19

Inability to perform rapid alternating movements.

neocerrebellar lesions in posterior lobe.

Front 20

Asthenia

Back 20

Muscle weakness sign of cerebellar damage.

Neocerrebellar lesions in posterior lobe.

Front 21

Fasciculations

Back 21

Wavelike contractions on tongue/body.

Presents itself when damage in the LMN

Front 22

atrophy

Back 22

Muscle/body deterioration

Sign of severe LMN damage

Front 23

reflexes

Back 23

Damage in UMN presents as hyperreflexia.

Damage in LMN presents as hyporeflexia.

Front 24

Muscle tone

Back 24

Damage in UMN presents as increased/spastic.

Damage in LMN presents as decreased/flaccid.

Front 25

Babinkski sign

Back 25

If present; toes spread; sign of UMN damage.

If absent; toes goes down; LMN damage

Front 26

Upper Motor Neurons (innervation and origins)

Back 26

Location of cell body: lie in the motor area of cerebral cortex

Innervation: NIL

Functions: controls activity of LMN

Examples: coritospinal tract

Front 27

Lower Motor Neurons (innervation and origins)

Back 27

Location of cell body: lie in grey matter of spinal cord and brain stem

Innervation: skeletal muscles

Functions: controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles in face and periphery

Examples: spinal nerve & motor cranial nerves.

Front 28

Kinetic

Back 28

Movement

Front 29

Tonic

Back 29

Tone

Front 30

Brady

Back 30

slow

Front 31

tachy

Back 31

fast

Front 32

hypo

Back 32

low

Front 33

hyper

Back 33

High

Front 34

Presentations of UMN lesions

Back 34

UMN: Part of CNS

Lesions: neurons who cell bodies in brain & spinal cord; brain stem too.

Front 35

Presentation of LMN Lesions

Back 35

Part of PNS

Lesions: neurons who cell bodies are located outside spinal cord &brain

Front 36

Stroke presentations

Back 36

Gait disturbances

Drooping face

Visual disturbances

Slurred speech

Confusion

Front 37

Stroke in basilar artery

Back 37

Problems with automatic base functions: balance; proprioception, breathing, swallowing

Front 38

multi-infarct dimentia

Back 38

Mini strokes in small articles/ capillaries in the brain.

Front 39

Carotid artery

Back 39

Right & left.

Anterior supply

Front 40

Basilar artery

Back 40

Posterior supply.

Form by right & left vertebral artery joining

Front 41

Circle of Willis

Back 41

Posterior communicating artery.

Where most strokes occur. For SLP.

Front 42

TIA

Back 42

Transient Ischemic Attack:

Mini stroke

Completely resolve

Symptoms go away

Might not realize occuring

Front 43

Major arteries

Back 43

1. Right internal carotid artery

2. Left internal carotid artery

3. Right vertebral artery

4. Left Vertebral artery

3&4 Join to form basilar artery.

Front 44

Cerebrum houses these arteries

Back 44

Middle cerebral artery

Anterior cerebral artery

Posterior cerebral artery

Front 45

Cerebellum houses these arteries

Back 45

Superior cerebellar artery

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Front 46

Brain stem houses these arteries

Back 46

pontine branches

Anterior spinal artery

Front 47

Thrombotic stroke

Back 47

Profound stroke:

Occurs secondary to clot. Plaque development occluded in vessels and walls.

Front 48

embolic stroke

Back 48

Stroke due to plaque becoming dislodged and moves in body/ brain/heart.

Front 49

Hemorrhagic stroke

Back 49

Blown up ruptured vessel/ hemorrhage in brain. Usually fatal.

Front 50

Lacuner infarct

Back 50

Tiny small clots, subcortical along brain stem. Cognitive function weakness.

Occurs because occlusion of smaller branches of arteries.

Front 51

LEFT
MCACVA

Back 51

Left middle cerebral artery- Cerebral Vascular Accident

Right hemiplegia (weakness; motor function)

Right hemiparesthesia (sensation)

Paralysis

Aphasia: compromised language: receptive & expressive.

Lability or depression

Front 52

RIGHT

MCACVA

Back 52

Right middle cerebral artery; cerebral vascular accident
Left hemiplegia

Left hemiparesthesia

Aphasia (inconsistent error) Adults: groping & motor speech planning compromise

Affect Flat or Euphoria

Front 53

PCA Occlusion or PCACVA

Back 53

Posterior cerebral artery occlusion:

Memory loss

Visual compromise

Perceptual compromise

Visual field cut

Front 54

ACA occlusion or ACAVCA

Back 54

Anterior cerebral artery occlusion:

Cognitive change (^) involvement in frontal lobe:

judgement, sequencing, planning

Aphasia

Depression

Emotional liability/euphoria

contralateral hemiplegia

Contralateral hemiparethesia

Front 55

Spinal Cord Injury: lesion between C1 & C5

Back 55

UMN signs are present in both upper and lower limbs (hyper/spastic)

Front 56

Spinal Cord Injury: lesion between C6 & T2

Back 56

UMN signs are present in lower limbs (spastic)

LMN signs are present in upper limbs (flaccid)

Front 57

Spinal Cord Injury: lesion between T3 & L3

Back 57

UMN signs are present in lower limbs.

Upper limbs are normal.

Front 58

Spinal Cord Injury: Lesion between L4 & S2

Back 58

LMN signs are present in lower limbs.

Upper limbs are normal.

Front 59

Name the 5 sections of Spine

Back 59

Cervical: C1-C7

Thoracic: T1-T12

Lumbar: L1-L5

Sacral: S1-S5

Coccygeal

Front 60

PICCVA

Back 60

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Cerebral vascular accident : occlusion in cerebellum:

Balance

Vertigo

Nausea

nystagmus

Hyper tonic

Hyper flexia

Front 61

Aiccva

Back 61

Anterior inferior cerebellar CVA: occlusion in cerebellar:

dysmetria- inability to judge distance

adiodokinesia

Front 62

Brain stem Occlusions

Back 62

Breathing

Swallowing

Balance

Arousal/alertness

Front 63

Endorphins

Back 63

Neurotransmitter

1. Function: diminishes sensation of pain

2. Deficient: depression, body aches, confrontational

3. Excessive: feel less pain, less negative effects of stress

4. Disorders: chronic fatigue syndrome, runner's high, endorphin deficiency disorder

Front 64

Serotonin (5-HT)

Back 64

1.funtion: implicated in sleep, emotional control, pain regulation & carbohydrate feeding behaviors.

2. Deficient: depression, suicidal, aggression, anger, violence, increase carb. Craving

3. Excessive: high fever, irregular heartbeat, unconsciousness, seizures

4. Disorders: Circadian rhythms, depression, OCD, Appetite & eating disorders

Front 65

Substance P

Back 65

1. Function: mood regulation, anxiety, respiratory rhythm, pain perception.

2. Deficient: person may feel less pain? Need more research

3. Excessive: interfere with sleep, wired/anxious feeling

4. Disorders: fibromyalgia, PTSD

Front 66

Dopamine

Back 66

1. Function: affects motor system; cognition, motivation and reward.

2. Deficient: depression, low drive, motivation, flat, bored, over sleep, gaining weight.

3. Excessive: Parkinson's, Schizophrenia

4. Disorders: Bipolar, battered women syndrome, eating disorders, impulse control. Decline in memory, attention. Paranoia

Front 67

Glutamine

Back 67

1. Function: most common neurotransmitter in CNS. Role in learning and memory. Taste of Umami in foods

2. Deficient: insomnia, mental exhaustion, lack of concentration.

3. Excessive: epileptic seizures, excitotoxicity, ADHD, restlessness

4. Disorders: ALS, TBI, Alzheimer

Front 68

Norepinephrine

Back 68

1. Function: major role in wakefulness and arousal

2. Deficient: ADHD, Depression

3. Excessive: fear, anxiety panic

Disorders: ADHD

Front 69

Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

Back 69

1. Function: major inhibitory neurotransmitter of brain

2. Deficient: anxiety disorders, insomnia, epilepsy

3. Excessive: memory loss

4. Disorders: anxiety/panic attacks .

Front 70

Spastic Dysarthria Secondary to Stroke

Back 70

-type of speech disorder resulting from bilateral damage. UMN damage both pyramidal /extrapyramidal tracts. Stroke is common cause

-characteristics: articulation, probation, resonance, prosody

-presents: drooling, dysphagia, pseubulbar affect

-movements: slow, spasticity, abnormal reflexes, weakness

Front 71

Meditation

Back 71

Effects on brain: increases activation in: anterior consulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, anxiety relief.

On Amygdala: increased emotional stability and response to stress.

Changes in grey matter: increased processing. increase matter in left hippocampus; areas in learning, memory, emotion

Changes in cortical thickness: think in prefrontal cortex & anterior insular: areas in attention, self awareness

Front 72

Autism

Back 72

-a mental condition from early childhood. Characterized by difficulty in communicating and forming relationships with other people/ abstract concepts.

Symptoms: nonverbal communication skills lacking. Failure to create friendships, lack on interest, no empathy, delayed talking. No pragmatics. Preoccupation with objects. Stereotyped behaviors (rocking/hand flapping)

Treatment: EI. SLP: play skills. Risperidone/aripiprazole.

Brain: sensory overload, lack facial recognition, less activation in front of brain. Connections from superior temporal sulcus (sts) to Amygdala are activated.. pathways incomplete. Heavier brains

Front 73

BDD (body dysmorphic disorder)

Back 73

-a condition marked by excessive pre-occupation with an imaginary or minor defect in a facial feature or localized part of body.

Symptoms: ritualistic behavior (to manage anxiety)

Camouflaging problem: frequent requests for assurance about appearance.

Treatment: CBT, antidepressant meds, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

Brain: Lower than normal levels of serotonin. disorder in visual processing (frontostriatal and limbic system)

Front 74

Schizophrenia

Back 74

-chronic, severe, and disabling disorder in the brain. psychotic disorder

Causes- genes, environment, brain chemistry, structure

Environment: prenatal exposure to viruses, malnutrition.

Brain chemistry & structure: neurotransmitters: dopamine/ glutamate/ larger ventricles, less grey matter, less/more activity in areas of Brian.

Symptoms: hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, movement disorders, flat affect, lack of pleasure, lack of ability to being and sustain planned activities, little spoken language.

Cognitive symptoms: poor executive functioning, poor attention, poor working memory,

Treatment: antipsychotic meds, CBT, co-occurring substance abuse.

Front 75

Selective Mutism

Back 75

-social anxiety disorder where a whiled who can speak does not speak in certain social situations. Diagnosed before age 5.

Brain: lack of serotonin (dopamine/ norepinephrine). Treated with drugs (Prozac) speech therapy (ritual sound approach)

Front 76

Cerebral Palsy- Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)

Back 76

-brain injury caused by oxygen deprivation to brain; during pregnancy; during delivery; after delivery. Premature babies at risk.

Symptoms: meconium-stained amniotic fluid, low heart rate, poor muscle tone, weak breathing, bluish/pale skin, excessive acid in blood.

Cause: developmental delays, epilepsy, cognitive issues, motor skill delays; mild/severe.

Treatment: mechanical ventilation, cooling baby brain; hyperbaric chambers, oxygen treatment.

SLP: swallowing, dietary needs, cognitive therapy, advocate, family/team center approach

Front 77

Alzheimer's disease

Back 77

-progressive brain disorder that damages and eventually destroys brain cells (beta-amyloid proteins clump and form plaques that destroy cells in brain tissue.

-lead to memory loss, changing in thinking, orientation, speech.

Brain: shrinkage and of larger ventricle spaces due to dying cells. No single test/ cure.

Front 78

TBI in foot ball

Back 78

CTE: degenerative disease of the brain and associated with repeated head traumas ; concussions. Not limited to athletes.

Brain: repeated trauma triggers progressive degeneration of brain tissue, including build up of abnormal protein called tau. Atrophy of hippocampus, Amygdala & thalamus.

Symptoms: cognitive impairment, memory loss, emotional instability, depression, aggression. ALS, Parkinson's dementia. Headaches, confusion, nausea/vomiting, blurred vision, fatigue

Front 79

PTSD

Back 79

-anxiety disorder that some people develop after seeing or living through traumatic event.

Symptoms: flashbacks, bad dreams, emotional numbness, guilt/ worry, anger.

Brain: hippocampus- damage to brain area involved in memory forming, organizing storing memory. Amygdala: startle response: parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system reponse and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to stress. This signals other parts of the brain when danger to send output to hypothalamus. Always in a state of fear alarm, making memories feel like experiencing them in present time.

Front 80

MS

Back 80

Multiple sclerosis- autoimmune disease, body's own immune system mistakenly attack normal tissue.

CNS affected, spinal cord and optic nerve.

Symptoms: tingling, numbness, loss of balance, weakness, blurred/double vision, slurred speech, paralysis.

Neurological compromise: vestibular dysfunction, fatigue/pain, spasticity, motor coordination loss, breathing/swallowing difficulties, bladder/bowel issues, mood disorders

Front 81

Post Concussion Syndrome

Back 81

-neuropsychological problem that persists for a period of time after a head injury

Symptoms: presence of past TBI, headache, riskiness, fatigue, irritability, insomnia, memory difficulty

Increased risk: history of concussions, being a female, younger age, cognitive dysfunction, affective disorders

Causes: PCS secondary to brain injury/concussion