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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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kirby bauer test
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-disk diffusion test
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what does kirby bauer test measure
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effectiveness of antimicobics against pathogenic microorganisms
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antibiotics
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natural antimicrobial agents produced by microorganisms
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example of antibiotic
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penicillin
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antimicrobics
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synthetic made antibiotic
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zone of inhibition
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clear zone around the disk in kerby bauer test where growth has been inhibited by antibiotic
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bactericidal
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kills cells
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bacteriostatic
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inhibits growth without killing the cells
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what agar does kirby bauer use
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mueller hinton
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procedure of kirby bauer
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the disk with antibiotic are placed on bacterial lawn and allowed to incubate. the ones that show a big zone of inhibition are effective antibiotics
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chemical germicide
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substance designed to reduce the # of pathogens on a surface
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disinfectant
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germicide used on surfaces
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example of places to use disinfectant
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tables, floors, sinks, countertops, surgical instraments
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antiseptics
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germicide designed for use on or in living tissue
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relationship of disinfectants and antiseptics
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all antiseptics are disinfectants but not all disinfectants are antiseptics
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selective media
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media that is either inhibiting growth or encouraging growth
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differential media
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media that contains an indicator to expose differences and put things into subcategories
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mannitol salt agar (MSA)
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differential media
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what does MSA contain
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manntiol (carb)
NaCl ( salt) phenol red (indicator) |
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what makes MSA differential
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mannitol allows for fermentation
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what makes MSA selective
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NaCl allows for growth or no growth
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what does phenol red do in MSA
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indicates whether fermentation has taken place by changing color as pH changes
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what is a mannitol fermenter and thrives in MSA
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-S auerus
-changes colonies from red to yellow with yellow halo |
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macconkey agar
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selective and differential media
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what does macconkey agar contain
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lactose
bile salts neutral red CV |
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what makes macconkey agar differential
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lactose allows for fermentation
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what makes macconkey agar selective
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bile salts and CV inhibit growth of gram positive bacteria
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what is the indicator in macconkey agar
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neutral red which is colorless above 6.8 but turns red below due to lactose fermentation
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complex
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chemically undefined
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eosin methylene blue agar
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complex differential and selective media
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what does eosin methylene blue agar contain
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peptones
lactose sucrose eosin Y (dye) methylene blue (dye) |
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what makes eosin methylene blue agar differential
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sugars allow for fermentation
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what makes eosin methylene blue agar selective
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the two dyes (eosin Y and methylene blue)
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coliform
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produce gas when fermenting lactose
-if present in environment, evidence of fecal matter |
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noncoliform
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no gas production
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purpose of two eosin methylene blue agar dyes
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-inhibit growth of gram positive organism
-react with lactose fermentors and turn growth dark purple or black |
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eosin methylene blue agar possible coliform result
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growth is pink and shows that organisms ferments lactose with little acid production
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eosin methylene blue agar probable coliform result
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growth is dark purple to black with possible green metallic sheen
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eosin methylene blue agar noncoliform result
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growth is colorless
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hemolysin
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exotoxin that is able to destroy RBCs and hemoglobin
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blood agar
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differential
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what does blood agar contain
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5% sheeps blood and 95% TSA
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why is blood agar differential
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blood due to ability to hemolyze RBCs
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B hemolysis
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-complete destruction of RBCs and hemoglobin
-white with halo |
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α hemolysis
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-partial destruction of RBCs
-green |
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Y hemolysis
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no destruction and appears as growth with no change to medium
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phenol red broth is also called
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glucose fermentation
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what is the phenol red indicator
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phenol red
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why is phenol red broth differential
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ferments glucose
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what is added to the top of the phenol red broth test tube
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inverted durham tube to trap any gas produced
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positive result of phenol red
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changes color from red to yellow
-fermentation |
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negative result of phenol red
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color stays red
-no fermentation |
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what causes the glucose to lower fermentation in phenol red broth
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acid production from fermentation
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catalase
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converts hydrogen peroxide into water and gaseous oxygen
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aerobic
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requires oxygen
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anaerobiv
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does not require oxygen
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facultative anaerobic
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no oxygen needed but can tolerate it
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catalase test
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bacteria that can produce catalase can be detected by using H2O2
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positive result of catalase test
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bubbles
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citrate test
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differentiates members of Enterobacteriaceae which are facultative anaerobes
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citrate medium
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simmons citrate medium is defined
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what must an organism have to survive on citrate medium
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citrate permease
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bromthymol blue dye
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-is the indicator of citrate test
-goes from green to blue |
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ammonium dihydrogen phosphate
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provides sole nitrogen source for citrate medium
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citrate test is on a ___
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slant
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positive result of citrate test
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turns blue meaning citrate is utilized
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negative result of citrate test
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stays green meaning citrate is not utilized
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bile esculin test
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undefined selective and differential
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what does the bile esculin agar contain
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beef extract
digestive gelatin esculin oxgall (bile) ferric citrate |
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what makes the bile esculin test selective
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bile
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what makes bile esculin differential
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esculin reacts with iron from ferric citrate to form dark brown precipitate
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bile esculin positive result
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medium changes to black at top from original yellow color
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bile esculin negative result
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no darkening of medium
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indole media
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clear broth
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what does indole broth contain
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amino acid tryptophan
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what reacts with tryptophan in media
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tryptophanase
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what does kovacs reagant contain
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dimethylaminobenzldehyde and HCl
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what is added to the idole test
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kovacs reagant
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when is kovacs reagant added
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after incubating for 24-48 hours
-time sensitive |
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indole positive result
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pink at the top
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indole negative result
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no color change
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hemagglutination
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clumping of the red blood cells which indicates a positive reaction
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what is an example of hemagglutinations
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blood test
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Rh factor
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-an antigen that determines if blood type is positive or negative
-if clumping when mixed with anti-Rh antiserum its positive |
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A blood type
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-A antigen and produces anti-B antibodies
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B blood type
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B antigen and produces anti-A antibodies
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AB blood type
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have both A and B antigens but non antibodies
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O blood type
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lack A and B antigens but have both antibodies
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A+
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A antigen present
B antigen absent Rh antigen present |
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A-
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A antigen present
B antigen absent Rh antigen absent |
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B+
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A antigen absent
B antigen present Rh antigen present |
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B-
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A antigen absent
B antigen present Rh antigen absent |
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AB+
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A and B antigens present
Rh antigen present |
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AB-
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A and B antigens present
Rh antigen absent |
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O+
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A and B antigens absent
Rh antigen present |
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O-
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A and B antigens absent
Rh antigen absent |
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ELISA
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enzyme linked immunosorbant assay
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what is ELISA used for
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-detecting antibodies in a patients sample
-positive result if presence of antibodies |
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positive result of ELISA
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blue color within 5 minutes
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what is ELISA used for
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pregnancy test, hiv test
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ELISA steps
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-label mircotiter strip
-add purified antigen and wait 5 min -remove unbound purified antigen -wash wells -remove wash buffer -add blocking agent -remove unbound blocking agent -wash wells -remove washing buffer -add positive control -add negative control -add patient serum -remove and wash wells -add secondary antibody -remove unbound secondary antibody -add substrate |
