Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is another analgesic that is associated with tylenol and anacin?
|
Acetaminophen
|
|
|
What does acetaminophen do?
|
Analgesic and antipyretic
|
|
|
Acetaminophen can lower inflammation. T/F
|
F
|
|
|
What occurs in Acetaminophen that interferes with inflammation?
|
Peroxides are enhanced, so they get in the way which causes inflammation to occur.
|
|
|
What are the side effects of acetaminophen?
|
There are no gastric distress or anti coagulant properties
|
|
|
What may acetaminophen enhance?
|
Anti-coagulant properties
|
|
|
Who should stay away from acetaminophen?
|
Older people and those who suffer from blood clots or strokes
|
|
|
What is the most dangerous part of acetaminophen?
|
liver and kidney damage. you should not drink 2+ drinks per day with tylenol
|
|
|
There are over thousands of
|
vitamin and herbal preparations
|
|
|
What is one type of herbal prep used that has many antioxidants?
|
Gingko Biloba
|
|
|
Where did Gingko Biloba come from? And what does it increase?
|
Asia, Europe, US
+memory |
|
|
When did Gingko Biloba come into use?
|
3000 BC used instrumentally by the chinese
|
|
|
How much percent is Gingko associated with antioxidants
|
30%
|
|
|
What does gingko prevent?
|
Prevents platelet clotting, free radicals (dead cells, virus, bacteria)
|
|
|
Who can benefit from gingko the most?
|
elderly patients and alzheimer's disease during the early stages, learning and memory are slightly improved
|
|
|
Ginseng originated from
|
Asia, US
|
|
|
Ginseng can reduce what and do what?
|
reduce stress effects: antioxidants and anticarcinogenic
|
|
|
What types of effects does ginseng have?
|
it is a stimulant like drug, elevated bp, nervousness, insomia
|
|
|
Who can be in danger with this drug?
|
Post-menopausal women, causing uterine bleeding from the + bp
|
|
|
What herbal prep is like choline and how?
|
Gingko.
Only so much can be processed by body to ach which makes you smell like fish (alz loses choline) |
|
|
Who do we get prescription drugs from? OTC drugs?
|
doctors
Self-prescribed |
|
|
OTC and prescription drugs are not ________ but only instrumental
|
recreational.
Prescribed can be changed to recreational |
|
|
What natural diet can be dangerous?
|
Dietary supplements -- homeopathic
|
|
|
What acts as a CNS depressant? It is also called a sedative hypnotic?
|
Barbiturates
|
|
|
What effects are closely related to alcohol?
|
Barbiturates
|
|
|
What are tranquilizers appropriate name?
|
Benzodiazepines
|
|
|
What are anti-anxiety drugs like valium that cause peacefulness and tranquility?
|
Tranquilizers
|
|
|
What is the mechanism of action (Barbs -sedatives)
|
-absorbed through stomach so its quicker
-high fat solubility -increased duration of channel opening: inhibited double time if take Barb -+chloride inhibitory with all of sides there |
|
|
What two drugs are cynergistic?
|
Alcohol and valium which can suppress respiration
|
|
|
Which is weaker, barbs or benzos?
|
Benzos
|
|
|
Where are gaba receptors?
|
PFC, cerebellum, brain stem, hippocampus, amygdala and MCL pathway (same as alcohol)
|
|
|
What has gaba receptors?
|
Benzos
|
|
|
Barbituates are made out of what?
|
Urea and malonic acid = barbituric acid
|
|
|
Barbitric acid has an effect. T/F
|
No, it does not have an effect by itself.
|
|
|
What are some generic names for barbituates?
|
Phenobarbital, amobarbital, pentobarbital and secobarbital
|
|
|
What was Marylin Monroe taking when she died?
|
Barbiturates
|
|
|
What was used for anesthesia for animals?
|
Barbiturates
-some people have bad side effects when they wake up |
|
|
Odorless, tasteless and induce what is a common feature of barbiturates?
|
sleep
|
|
|
What types of effects do low doses or acute effects have from barbs?
|
Mild relaxation and can lead to coma/death
|
|
|
What happens to the brain with low doses of barbs?
|
People like it and the cerebral cortex is disinhibited causing relaxation and euphoria.
|
|
|
What do you get with moderate doses of barbituates? What brain section does it affect?
|
Affects brain stem
REticular formation (NE) = less w/+ (instead of stimulating brain cells) sedation drowsiness sleep--interrupts REM sleep (restorative) |
|
|
What occurs with high levels of barbiturates?
|
CNS depression
drug ineraction Brain stem inhibition ld 50 to 10-2x ED 50: very close- ah! |
|
|
What are some chronic effects of barbiturates?
|
Daytime: groggy, increased anxiety
|
|
|
Cycle of dependence is what?
|
Refers to chronic effects of barbs and this is when you create a tolerance so you take more and more
|
|
|
What is very dangerous about barbs, more dangerous than alcohol?
|
withdrawal:
tremors, nausea, vomiting, confusion, fever, increased HR |
|
|
What are some current medical uses for barbiturates?
|
extreme insomnia
epileptic seizures (+gaba so +inhibition = no seizures) |
|
|
What are benzos used for?
|
Anxiety treatment (tranquilizers)
|
|
|
What type of reaction goes along with benzos
|
stress reaction -- HPA axis
|
|
|
What are four disorders associated with stress and benzo treatment?
|
Panic DO
OCD PTSD Phobias |
|
|
Panic disorder is what and affects what brain areas?
|
Intense terror, fight or flight
-HPC, Frontal cortex and ACC |
|
|
What is OCD and where does it affect the brain?
|
Repetitive, distressing thughts
-frontal cortex and amygdala |
|
|
PTSD is associated with what brain area?
|
-recurrent memories, high stress
-frontal cortex and HPC |
|
|
what is an irrational fear of object or situation which affects the frontal cortex and the amygdala with a fight/flight reaction
|
Phobia
|
|
|
How does valium work?
|
Shuts down amygdala and so slows/shuts down this process for all these disorders
|
|
|
In the feedback stress system what occurs?
|
-anxiety affects HPC and amygdala
-Cort and NE are released -Goes back to each stage and shuts system down (after the stress is dealt with) |
|
|
When was the age of anxiety? What was popular during this time?
|
1950's: wonder drugs to heal everything
-minor tranq: anxiety drugs -major tranq: anti psychotics |
|
|
What does the age of anxiety have to do with women?
|
Women stay home and super stressed with all the responsibilities so lots of people were on valium
|
|
|
Miracle drug was actually what?
|
Meprobamate which produces relaxation
|
|
|
What alleviates mental symptoms alcoholism, and sleep problems?
|
Meprobamate
|
|
|
What does the miracle drug do to ACh activity and what is the dependence factors?
|
Reduces ACh in periphery
-2x dose : dependence: always after |
|
|
Benzos have an anxiety drug with a sedative effect with the nickname of?
|
wonder drug
|
|
|
What is the medical use of the wonder drug?
|
Chlordiazepoxid (librium) and valium which is 5x stronger and works faster
|
|
|
How can the wonder drugs be administered?
|
oral for anxiety and stress
IV for alcohol withdrawl, seizures and preanesthetic |
|
|
How soluble are benzos?
|
less soluble
|
|
|
What type of acute effects are with the slowly absorbed benzos?
|
gradual relaxation and pleasant feelings
|
|
|
Respiratory centers in the medulla are not affected by benzos, so it is rare that a person will die from an overdose. T/F
|
FALSE
|
|
|
What is one way of administering valium and what are the factors involved with that?
|
oral administration
-2-20mg -LD50 to 2000 mg -margin of safety is 1000 times weaker -interactions: synergistic |
|
|
How quickly is valium eliminated
|
slow rate: build up
-bigger effects (plus with alcohol) -special problems for the elderly: slower body |
|
|
What are some chronic effects of benzos?
|
-anxiety relieving effects: no tolerance
-sedative effects: tolerance |
|
|
When does withdrawal occur for benzos?
|
3-6 days after discontinuation with high anxiety, irrability, insomnia, restlessness, agitation (what the pill usually helps
|
|
|
What else do benzos affect? which types of receptors?
|
Nicotinic ACh receptors: muscles
Peripheral benzo receptors: immune system is reduced |
|
|
What do nicotinic receptors affect?
|
muscles
|
|
|
What reduces the immune system?
|
peripheral benzo receptors
|
|
|
What is one date rape drug?
|
GHB (gamma hydroxy butyric acid
|
|
|
What does the GHB do
|
shuts down system
|
|
|
Where is GHB synthesized from?
|
Gaba
|
|
|
What receptors do GHB act on?
|
gaba b receptors, GHB receptors (DA)
produced in small amounts in body |
|
|
what are some instrumental uses of GHB?
|
insomnia, depression, narcolepsy, alcoholism, body building
|
|
|
What are the acute effects of GHB?
|
euphoria, out of body, lowered inhibitions
high doses: unconscious because the LD and ED aren't far apart = happens all of a sudden |
