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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stress
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circumstances which are perceived to threaten one’s well-being, and strain one’s coping abilities Involves the subjective perception of a situation being “stressful”
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Stressor
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an event, object, or person which is causing stress
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Four Types of Stress
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Frustration
Conflict Change Pressure |
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Frustration
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the pursuit of a goal is challenged
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Conflict
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two incompatible motivations or desires compete
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Change
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alteration in one’s circumstance
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Life Change
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a change in one’s living circumstance
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Pressure
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expectations or demands to behave or perform in a certain way
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The stress process
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Stressor
Thoughts about the stressor Response to the stressor |
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The Physiological Response to Stress
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The “Fight-or-Flight” response
The activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System |
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General Adaptation Syndrome:
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a model of the human body’s stress response
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General Adaptation Syndrome: stages
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STAGE 1: Alarm
STAGE 2: Resistance STAGE 3: Exhaustion |
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STAGE 1: Alarm
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The recognition of the stressful situation
The body begins to respond to the stressor using its physiological resources (i.e. increased energy) The “Fight-or-Flight” response begins |
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STAGE 2: Resistance
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A stabilization of the physiological response
The stressor is being coped with |
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STAGE 3: Exhaustion
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The body’s resources diminish
If stressor continues, the body may become unable to cope with it effectively. |
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Stress and Physical Health
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Due to prolonged activation of the sympathetic nervous system or “fight-or-flight response”, the body begins to wear down
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Resiliency:
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the ability to effectively manage and cope with stress
Children have been found to be more resilient than adults |
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Coping:
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a strategy for managing stressful situations (i.e. problems)
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Positive Coping Strategies
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managing stress effectively (i.e. Positive Reappraisal; Problem-Focused)
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Negative Coping Strategies:
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managing stress ineffectively (i.e. Denial; Aggression)
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Learned Helplessness:
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Passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable stress
“Giving-up” fighting /trying to handle to stress Seligan (1974): subjected dogs to shocks |
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Variables that moderate the impact of stress
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Personality Type
Social Support Locus of Control Psychological Hardiness Self-Efficacy Sense of Humor Optimism |
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Personality Type A
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a pattern of behavior which includes an excessive emphasis on competition, aggression, impatience and hostility
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Personality Type B
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a pattern of behavior which is less competitive, aggressive, impatient and hostile compared to Type A
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Personality Type C
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a pattern of behavior which includes excessive sympathy, kindness, passive acceptance and self-sacrifice
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Social Support:
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various types of aid and comfort provided by one’s social network (i.e. friends, family, co-workers, etc.)
Social Support = Increased Resiliency Social Support during finals week was found to be related to increased immune system functioning (Jemmott and Magloire, 1988) |
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Locus of Control:
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a person’s belief in what causes good or bad experiences in life
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Internal Locus of Control
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one has control over their own experiences
Internal Locus of Control = Increased Resiliency |
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External Locus of Control
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one’s life is controlled by outside forces
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Psychological Hardiness:
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a cluster of traits characterized by commitment to tasks, acceptance of change for personal growth, and a internal locus of control
Psychological Hardiness = Increased Resiliency |
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Self-Efficacy:
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the belief regarding one’s capability to manage a particular situation or stressor
High Self-Efficacy = Increased Resiliency |
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Sense of Humor:
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the ability to experience humor
Strong Sense of Humor = Increased Resiliency |
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Optimism:
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the general tendency to expect good outcomes
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Positive Psychology:
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the study of the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence
Focuses of personal strengths Emphasizes the relationship between positive emotions, mental health, and psychological well-being Attempts to improve well-being by increasing the experience of positive emotions (i.e. happiness, peacefulness) |
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Subjective Well-being:
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an individual’s personal perceptions of their overall happiness and life satisfaction
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Affective Forecasting:
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: the ability to predict what factors will make you happy in the future.
Ex: If I had a million dollars, I would be happy HUMANS ARE BAD AT AFFECTIVE FORECASTING!!!!!! |
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Factors Which DO NOT Predict Happiness
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Money
Age Parenthood Intelligence |
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Factors Which Moderately Predict Happiness
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Health
Social Support Religion |
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Factors which STRONGLY PREDICT Happiness
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Love and Marriage
Job Satisfaction Genetics & Personality (i.e. Extraversion, Self-Esteem, Optimism) |
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Hedonic Adaptation:
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adjusting to emotional events by resuming “emotional baseline” after a short period of time.
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Social Psychology:
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the branch of psychology which deals with understanding how an individual functions in a social world
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Person Perception:
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the act of forming impressions of people
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Subjective Bias:
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Personal Biases and past experiences often impact how we perceive others
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Social Schemas:
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an organized cluster of ideas about categories of events or people
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“Scripts” about situations
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EX: What happens at a birthday party
EX: What should happen on a first date |
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“Scripts” about people
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EX: “The Jock”, “The Nerd,” “The Popular Girl”
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Stereotypes:
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making judgments about a group of people based on your social schemas
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In-group:
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group with which you identify with
“Us” People are viewed as individuals |
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Out-group:
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“Them”
People are viewed as a homogeneous unit or group |
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The Halo Effect:
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the tendency to assume someone who has one salient positive characteristic, has many other positive characteristics
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Attributions:
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assumptions people draw about the causes of events, other people’s behavior, and your own behavior
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Internal Attributions:
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attributing the cause of a situation or behavior due to internal causes (i.e. personality, abilities, or feelings)
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External Attributions:
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attributing the cause of a situation of behavior to external causes (i.e. situational demands or obstacles)
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The Fundamental Attribution Error:
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the tendency to attribute other people’s behaviors to internal causes (internal attributions)
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Self-Serving Bias:
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the tendency to attribute your success to internal causes and your failure to external causes
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Interpersonal Attraction:
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positive feelings towards another person
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Factors which affect Attraction
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Physical Attractiveness
Similarity Effects Reciprocity Effects |
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Matching Hypothesis:
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the tendency for people to be attracted to others who are similar in terms of physical attractiveness.
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Similarity Effects:
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people are typically attracted to others who are similar in terms of social class, education, religion, intelligence, age, physical attractiveness, and attitudes
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Reciprocity Effects:
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people tend to be attracted to other people who show an attraction to them
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Self-Enhancement Effect:
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people enjoy being around other people who make them feel good about themselves
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Types of Love
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Passionate Love
Companionate Love |
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Passionate Love:
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complete absorption in another that includes sexual feelings and intense emotion
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Companionate Love:
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warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with our own
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Intimacy:
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warmth, closeness and sharing in a relationship
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Commitment:
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an intent to maintain a relationship despite any costs or difficulties
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Attitude
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Positive or negative evaluation of a situation or person
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Persuasion:
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efforts to change one’s attitudes
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Steps of Persuasion
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Source: person sending the communication
Receiver: person receiving the communication Message: information being sent Channel: the medium through which the information is sent |
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Central Route:
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the content of the message is powerful enough to make a real change in the receiver’s attitudes
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Peripheral Route:
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the superficial characteristics of the speaker is what causes a change in the receiver’s attitudes
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Persuasion Methods
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Peripheral Route:
Central Route |
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Elaboration Likelihood Model:
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a model of attitude change that says that if a source uses a central route to persuasion over a peripheral route, they will cause more durable attitude change in the receiver
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory:
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a person is more likely to change
their attitude when it is in conflict with their behavior |
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Festinger and Carlsmith, (1959)
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Subjects paid 1 dollar for saying task is fun and other subjects were paid 20 dollars to say a task was fun
CONCLUSION: Dissonance about counterattitudinal behavior does cause attitude change |
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Conformity:
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acting according to certain accepted standards;
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Solomon Asch (1955):
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Studied the impact of perceived
pressure to conform **More than 20% of the participants Conformed on more than half the Trials!! |
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Obedience:
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a form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of power or authority
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Stanley Milgram (1963)
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Participants were told to administer shocks to “another participant” as a consequence for incorrect responses
65% stopped at the highest voltage |
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Zimbardo (1973)
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Stanford Prison Simulation: participants were randomly assigned to be either guards or inmates in a mock prison
The guards were given complete authority over the prison to manage the prisoners in the most effective way (no physical violence allowed) The guards became abusive, hostile, and malicious The prisoners became listless and demoralized |
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Altruism:
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an internal motivation to help others and aid in increasing their welfare.
Absence of clear reward for self. |
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Egoism:
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a doctrine that individual self-interest is the actual motive of all conscious action
Concern for oneself trumps concern for others. |
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The Kitty Genovese Murder (1964)
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The lack of reaction of numerous neighbors watching the scene prompted research into diffusion of responsibility and the bystander effect.
"Thirty-Eight onlookers who did nothing" |
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The Bystander Effect:
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people are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone
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Diffusion of Responsibility:
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is a social phenomenon which tends to occur in groups of people above a certain critical size when responsibility is not explicitly assigned.
"No one raindrop thinks it caused the flood". |
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Social Dilemma:
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the pursuit of self-interest and self-protection can be self-destructive.
“What is good for one is bad for all” |
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Prisoner’s Dilemma:
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2 guys arrested for a minor offense but implicated in a bank robbery
The suspects are separated and given some incentives to confess: If one confesses they will be freed and the other will get 15 years prison. If they both confess they will both receive 10 years in prison. If neither confesses, each will only receive a one year sentence for the minor offense. |
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Group Think:
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a decision-making style where concurrence and agreement is valued highest among group members
Ineffective problem solving Failure to consider possible alternatives |
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Group Polarization:
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exaggeration of initial thoughts/feelings as a result of group discussion
Group feelings/thoughts become more extreme “Mob mentality” |
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Clinical Psychology:
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the branch of psychology which deals with diagnosing and treating abnormal behavior
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Diagnosis:
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distinguishing the presence of a specific illness over another
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Medical Model:
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viewing abnormal behavior as a "disease"
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Deviance:
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the behavior is markedly different from typical or socially acceptable behavior
Deviant in kind Deviant in intensity Deviant in frequency |
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Maladaptive Behavior:
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the behavior impairs a person’s daily functioning
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Personal Distress:
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the person experiences pain or suffering due to the behavior
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Yerkes-Dodson Law:
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when levels of emotional or behavioral arousal are either too low or too high, a person’s functioning can be impaired
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Deviance as a Social Idea
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Deviance is determined when you compare a person’s behavior (i.e. actions, thoughts, feelings) to what is deemed acceptable or “normal in a culture”.
Abnormal Behavior is shaped by culture and society!! |
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual:
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a reference manual which contains a description of every psychological disorder possible, along with a summary of etiological factors, prevalence rates, and symptoms.
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Etiology:
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causes (social factors, genetic factors, etc)
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Prevalence:
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how common they are in the population
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Multi-axial System:
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a person is judged on five separate dimensions or axes of functioning
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Multi-axial System: Axis
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Axis I: Clinical Syndromes
Axis II: Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation Axis III: General medical conditions Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning Scale |
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Disorders Usually Diagnosed is Childhood:
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This category is characterized by disorders which typically begin to appear in childhood
May be developmental in nature Autism ADHD Learning Disorders Oppositional Defiant Disorder Etc…. |
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Anxiety Disorders
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This category includes disorders that are characterized by excessive anxiety or apprehension
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Phobic Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Etc…. |
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Mood Disorders:
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This category includes disorders that are characterized by varying emotional disturbances that can disrupt physical, perceptual, social, and thought processes.
Major Depression Bipolar Disorder |
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Somatoform Disorders:
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This category includes disorders characterized by complaints of physical symptoms or defects which have no medical basis or explanation.
Conversion Disorder Hypochondriasis Body Dysmorphic Disorder Etc…. |
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Dissociative Disorders:
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This category includes disorders which are characterized by a loss of contact with portions of consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in identity.
Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Fugue Dissociative Identity Disorder Etc…. |
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Schizophrenic Disorders:
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This category includes disorders marked by:
Delusions: false beliefs that are clearly out of touch with reality Hallucinations: sensory perceptions which have no real basis in the environment Disturbed Emotions (Flat/Blunted Affect) Disorganized Speech (Pressured, Fragmented Sentences) Poor Adaptive Functioning: loss of ability to independently care for ones self |
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subtypes of Schizophrenia
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Paranoid Type
Disorganized Type Catatonic Type Undifferentiated Type |
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Clinical Syndromes are thought to be caused by a combination of factors:
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Genetics/ Biology/Neurotransmitters
Cognitive Factors (Irrational Thoughts) Conditioning/ Learning Stress |
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Personality Disorders
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Disorders involving long-term patterns of extreme, inflexible personality traits that are considered deviant and maladaptive, and cause impairment.
Borderline Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder Histrionic Personality Disorder Dependant Personality Disorder |
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Personality Disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of:
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Early life experiences (i.e. trauma)
Genetics/Temperament |
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Mental Hospitals:
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a medical institution specializing in providing patient care for psychological disorders
Founded c. 1840s by Dorothy Dix |
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Deinstitutionalization:
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the transferring of treatment for mental illness from inpatient institutions to community-based facilities emphasizing out-patient care
Began in 1960s |
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Willowbrook
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Willowbrook State School c. 1930’s-1987
Institution for mentally retarded children “Snake Pit” Deplorable conditions Hospital closed due to expose by Geraldo Rivera |
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Mental Health Treatment Today
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Group Homes
Out-patient Facilities In-patient Facilities Held to strict state standards Typically used for short-term crisis treatment |
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Therapists
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Psychologists
Psychiatrists Other Health Professionals |
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Psychologists:
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Uses non-medical interventions
Clinical Psychologists/Counseling Psychologists |
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Psychiatrists
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Uses prescription medication
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Other Health Professionals:
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Clinical Social Workers
Psychiatric Nurses |
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Therapies
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Insight Therapy:
Behavior Therapy: Cognitive-Behavior Therapy: Biomedical Therapy: |
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Insight Therapy:
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“talk therapy”; promotes self-knowledge
Psychoanalysis (Freud) Client-Centered (Rogers) |
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Behavior Therapy:
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based on principles of learning
Founded by Wolpe |
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Cognitive-Behavior Therapy:
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based on principles of learning but, also focuses on changing dysfunctional cognitions
Founded by Beck |
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Biomedical Therapy:
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biomedical interventions
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Psychoanalysis:
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emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses
Relies on verbal interactions between client and therapist |
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Psychoanalysis Techniques:
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Free Association: clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur, with little censorship
Dream Analysis: the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client’s dreams |
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Transference:
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client begins relating to therapist in a way which mimics important relationships in their life
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Client-Centered Therapy:
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emphasizes the importance of providing a supportive climate for the clients
Clients determine pace and direction of therapy Relies on verbal interactions |
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Conditions of a Supportive Climate:
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Genuineness: honest communication
Unconditioned Positive Regard: Non-judgemental acceptance of the client Accurate Empathy: understanding of the client’s viewpoint |
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Goal of Client-Centered Therapy:
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clarify client’s feelings and thoughts to promote insight
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Systematic Desensitization:
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behavior therapy used to reduce phobic responses
Gradual exposure to phobic stimuli |
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Contingency Management:
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altering or controlling the antecedents and/or consequences of a behavior to change the likelihood of the behavior
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Antecedents:
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Establishing environmental prompts for positive behavior
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Consequences:
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Offering rewards or punishments to increase or decrease the likelihood of the behavior
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Token Economy:
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a system that increases the likelihood of positive behavior by offering a reward
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Reinforcer:
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an incentive or prize offered to the individual for demonstrating the desired behavior
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Cognitive-Behavior Therapy 2:
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uses behavior therapy techniques in addition to cognitive therapy techniques to help client’s change maladaptive behaviors and thoughts
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Cognitive Therapy 2:
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strategies to change a person’s cognitive distortions
Cognitive Distortions: errors in thinking Usually involves verbal interactions |
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Biomedical Therapy 2:
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physiological interventions intended to reduce biological symptoms associated with psychological disorders
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Psychopharmacology:
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involves the use of medications specifically designed to alter brain functioning
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Antianxiety Drugs:
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used to reduce tensions, apprehension, and nervousness
EX: Valium, Xanax |
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Antipsychotic Drugs:
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gradually reduce psychotic symptoms such as mental confusion, hallucinations and delusions
Traditional antipsychotics targeted dopamine EX: Risperadol, Haldol, Seraquil |
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Mood Stabilizers:
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used to control mood swings in Bipolar Disorder
EX: Lithium |
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Anti-Depressants:
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: used to gradually elevate mood and reduce depression
Targets Neurotransmitters (Seratonin, etc.) EX: Paxil, Zoloft, Prozac |
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Side Effects:
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mild to severe side effects have been demonstrated with ALL drug therapies
Antianxiety Drugs: sedation effects, depression, etc Antipsychotics: Tremors, sedation effects, Tardive Dyskinesia: neurological disorder marked by tic-like movements Anti-depressants: increased suicide rates Mood Stabilizers: Kidney and Thyroid issues |
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Electroconvulsive Therapy:
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electric shock is used to produce small seizures in order to reduce psychological symptoms
Historically used to treat many disorders Today, used mostly for Major Depression Side Effects: Memory Loss |
