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148 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the primary sex organs?
Females-ovaries
Males-testes
What are the sex hormones in females? Males?
Females-estrogen, progesterone
Males-testosterone
What do the testes produce?
Sperm
What does the dartos muscles do?
Wrinkles the scrotal skin
What does the cremaster muscles do?
Elevate the testes
What are the two tunics that cover the testes?
Tunica vaginalis, tunica albuginea
How many lobules are in the testis?
250
What are the actual "sperm factories" of the testes?
Seminiferous tubules
The seminiferous tubules converge to form what?
What do they deliver to?
Straight (tubulus) rectus
-Converys sperm into the rete testis
From the rete testis, sperm leave the testis through what? And enter what?
Leave through the efferent ductules
Enter the epididymis
Where are sperm stored until ejaculation?
The epididymis
What artery supplies the testes?
The testicular artery
What vein drains the testes?
the testicular vein
What are the 2 major parts of the penis?
Attached root and free shaft (or body)
What is the glans penis?
The enlarged tip of the penis
What is the skin around the glans penis called?
Prepuce or foreskin
What is the removal of prepuce or foreskin called?
Circumcision
What surrounds the spongy urethra?
Corpus spongiosum
Where do sperm learn the ability to swim and move?
Epididymus
What is the ductus deferens or vas deferens?
Goes from the epididymis into the pelvis cavity
Carries the sperm
What are the 3 sections of the urethra in a male?
1. Prostatic
2. Membranous
3. Spongy
Where is the prostate in relations to the bladder?
Inferior
What does the prostate do?
Plays a role in activating sperm
What are the bulbourethral glands?
The are below the prostate
Produce clear mucus to lubricate the glans penis
What is semen?
Milky white, somewhat sticky mixture of sperm, testicular fluid, and accessory gland secretions
Semen contains chemicals that do what to the sperm?
Activate them and facilitate their movement
What do prostaglandins do?
Decrease the viscosity of mucus guarding entry of the uterus and stimulate reverse peristalsis in the uterus (movement through the female reproductive tract)
What causes the sperm to stick the walls of the vagina?
Coagulation
How many sperm are there per millileter?
20-150 million sperm per millileter
What is an erection?
Enlargement and stiffening of the penis
Engorement of the erectile bodies with blood
An erection is a rare example of what?
Parasympathetic control in the arterioles
(stimulation of the bulbourethral glands)
During sexual arousal the stimulation of the parasymathetic reflex promotes release of what? What does it do?
Nitric Oxide (NO)
Relaxes the smooth muscle in the penile blood vessel walls so it can fill with blood
The diploid chromosomal number is symbolized how?
2n
How many pairs of chromosomes do diploid cells contain?
23 homologous chromosomes
What is the product of meiosis?
4 daughter cells
The role in the body of mitosis is?
Producing cells for growth and tissue repair
The role in the body for meiosis is?
To introduce genetic variability
Plant cells only go through what?
Mitosis
Name the events of spermatogenesis in order from start to finish?
1. Spermatogonium
2. Spermatocyte
3. Spermatids
4. Spermatozoa
When does spermatogenesis begin?
Puberty
What is the acrosome?
"tip piece" of sperm
Sperm cannot penetrate egg without it
What provide energy for the sperm?
Mitochondria (ATP)
What regulates hormonal regulation of gamete and gonadal hormone production?
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
(HPG axis)
Hypothalamus relasease Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) which goes to the anterior pituitary via the blood and releases what 2 hormones?
1. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
2. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Binding of GnRH to the pitutary cells prompts them to release what?
FSH and LH
What is the effect of follicle stimulating hormone?
Stimulates spermatogenisis by stimulation the sustentacular cells to release androgen-binding protein (ABP)
What does androgen-binding protein do?
Keeps the concentration of testosterone in the vicinity of spermatogenic cells high, which in turn stimulate spermatogenisis
What is the effect of luteinizing hormone (LH)?
Binds to the interstitial cells in the soft connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules, prodding them to secrete testosterone (which serves as the final trigger for spermatogenesis)
What does inhibin do?
Serves as a barometer of the normalcy of spermatogenesis
What hormones make up the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?
GnRH
FSH and LH
Gonaal Hormones (testosterone and inhibin)
What control is the HPG axis under?
CNS control
What happens in the absense of GnRH and gonadotropins?
Testes atrophy and sperm and testosterone production cease
What does development of male reproductive structures depend on?
Prenatal secretion of male hormones
Which is more complicated female or male reproductive system?
Female
What are the primary sex organs or gonads?
Testes- male
ovaries- female
What are the accessory reproductive organs?
ducts, glands, and external genitalia
What do the sex hormones play a vital role in?
development and function of reproductive organs, sexual behavior and drives, and growth and development of many other organs and tissues of the body
The scrotum provides a temperature difference of?
3 degrees C lower
What does the dartos muscle do?
wrinkles the scrotal skin
What does the cremaster muscle do?
elevate the testes
Males external genitalia consists of?
penis and scrotum
Penis consists of?
attached root and free shaft(or body) and the enlarged tip (glans penis)
What contains the efferent ductules?
Head of penis
Which glands produce a bulk of the semen?
seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, and single prostate
Seminal gland secretion accounts for what percent of volume of semen?
70%
Semen is?
milky, slightly acid fluid that contains citrate, several enzymes, and prostate specific antigen
What is the job of prostaglandins in semen?
to decrease the viscosity of mucus guarding the entry of the uterus and stimulate reverse peristalsis in the uterus
Alkalinity of semen does what?
neutralizes the acid environment of the males urethra and the females vagina
What is the amount of ejaculation?
2-5 ml, 20-150 million sperm
Estrogen induces secondary sex characteristics which include?
growth and breasts, increased deposit of subcutaneous fat, and widening and lightening of the pelvis
Metabolic effects of estrogen include?
maintaining low total blood cholesterol and high HDL levels, and facilitates calcium uptake
Progesterone works with estrogen how?
to establish and regulate the uterine cycle
Effects of placental progesterone during pregnancy?
inhibits uterine motility
helps prepare the breasts for lactation
What anchors the ovary medially to the uterus?
Ovarian ligament
What anchors the ovaries laterally to the pelvic wall?
Suspensory ligament
What suspends the ovary inbetween?
Mesovarium
The suspensory ligament and the mesovarium are part of what ligament?
The broad ligament
What ligaments enclose the ovarian ligaments?
The broad ligament
Each ovary is surrounded externally by what?
A fibrous tunica albuginea
(germinal epithelium)
Each ovarian follicle consists of what?
Oocyte
If an oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of cells, what are the cells called?
Follicle cells
If an oocyte is surrounded by more than one layer of cells, what are these cells called?
Granulosa cells
In primordial follicle, what kind of cells surround the oocyte?
One layer of squamouslike follicle cells
What type of cells surround a primary follicle?
Single layer of cuboidal or columnar follicle cells
What type of cells surround a secondary follicle?
Two of more layers of granular cells
What surrounds a vesicular or Graafian follicle?
Fluid filled cavity (antrum)
Oocyte sits on granulosa cells
After ovulation, the ruptured follicle turns into what?
Corpus luteum
What form the initial part of the female duct system?
Fallopian (uterine) tubes
What is the usual site of fertilization?
Ampulla
What create currents to move oocyte into the uterine tube?
Fimbrae
What is the isthmus?
Constricted region where tube joins uterus
How is the oocyte carried along in the uterine tubes?
Peristalsis and ciliary action
What is the mesosalpinx?
Mesentery that supports the uterine tube
What do the cervical glands secrete to block sperm entry?
Mucus
What is the mesometrium?
Laterally supports the uterus
What secure the uterus to the sacrum?
Uterosacral ligaments
What are the three layers of the uterine wall?
1. Perimetrium
2. Myometrium
3. Endometrium
What does the stratum functionalis do?
Changes in response to ovarian hormone cycles
Shed during menstration
What does the stratum basalis do?
Forms new functionalis layer after menstruation
Unresponsive to ovarian hormones
What are the 2 layers of the endometrium in the uterus?
1. Stratum Functionalis
2. Stratum Basalis
What arteries supply the stratum functionalis? Stratum Basalis?
Spiral arteries -> stratum functionalis
Straight arteries -> stratum basalis
What are the layers of the vagina wall?
1. Fibroelastic Adventitia
2. Smooth muscle muscularis
3. Stratified squamous mucosa with rugae
What is the vaginal fornix?
Upper end of the vagina surrounding the cervix
What is the mons pubis?
Fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
What is the labia majora?
Hair-covered, fatty skin folds
What is the labia minora?
Skin folds lying within labia majora
How many sweat glands are in the mammary glands?
15-20 lobes
What is the areola?
Pigmented skin around the nipple
What attach the breast to underlying muscle?
Suspensory ligaments
What is the route of milk in the mammary glands?
Milk -> lactiferous ducts -> lactiferous sinuses -> open to the outside at nipple
Breast cancer arises from where?
Epithelial cells of small ducts
What are risk factors of breast cancer?
Early onset of menstruation and late menopause
No pregnancies or first pregnancy late in life
Family History
10% of breast cancers are heredity defects cause by mutation to what genes?
BRCA1 and BRCA2
What percent of women with breast cancer have no known risk factors?
70%
What is the treatment for breast cancer?
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Surgery followed by irradiation and Chemo
What is oogenesis?
Production of female gametes
Oogonia mulitiply how?
Mitosis
Primary oocytes develop in __________ follicles.
Primordial
Primary oocytes begin meiosis, but are stalled in what phase?
Prophase I
Each month one oocyte resumes meiosis I and results in what?
2 haploid cells
1. secondary oocyte
2. first polar body
When the secondary oocyte is released what happens if it is NOT penetrated by a sperm?
Arrested in metaphase II and is ovulated
When the secondary oocyte is released what happens if it IS penetrated by a sperm?
Completes meiosis II
Yields: Ovum and second polar body
The ovarian cycle has 2 phases, what are they? Describe each
1. Follicular Phase: when the follicle grows (days 1-14)
2. Luteal Phase: Period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28)
[Ovulation occurs midcycle]
List the 5 phases of the development of the ovarian follicles.
1. Primordial Follicle (most abundant)
2. Primary Follicle
3. Secondary Follicle
4. Graafian Follicle
(ovulation happens)
5. Corpus Luteum
What is mittelschmerz?
Pain sometimes felt at ovulation
What percent of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte?
1-2%
What happen in the luteal phase is there is a pregnancy?
Corpus luteum produces hormones until the placenta takes over (about 3 months)
What happens in the luteal phase is there is no pregnancy?
The corpus luteum degenerates into a corpus albicans in 10 days.
To establish ovarian cycle what happens during puberty in a female?
Ovaries secrete small amounts of estrogen
(inhibits release of GnRH)
In females, what happens at puberty?
Leptin from adipose tissure decreases estrogen inhibition
GnRH, FSH, and LH are released
In about 4 years a pattern is achieved
What happens during Day 1 of the ovarian cycle?
GnRH --> release of FSH LH
(increased estrogen levels)
inhibit the release of FSH LH
stimulate synthesis and storage of FSH and LH
enhance further estrogen output
There is a sudden surge of what on Day 14 of the ovarian cycle? What are its effects?
LH:
Completion of meiosis I
Triggers ovulation
Transforms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum
What are the functions of the corpus luteum?
1. Produces inhibin, progesterone, estrogen
2. these hormones inhibit FSH and LH release
Declining LH and FSH ends ________ and inhibits ________.
1. luteal activity
2. follicle development
What happens during days 26-28 of the ovarian cycle?
Corpus luteum degenerates and ovarian hormone levels drop sharply
(ends the blockade of FSH and LH, cycle starts over)
What are the phases of the ovarian cycle?
List Number of days and name of phase
1. Days 1-5: Menstrual Phase
2. Days 6-14: Proliferative Phase
3. Days 15-28: Secretory Phase
What happens during the menstrual phase of the ovarian cycle?
1. Hormones are at their lowest levels
2. Gonadotropins are beginning to rise
3. Stratum functionalis is shed and the menstrual flow occurs
What happens during the proliferative phase of the ovarian cycle?
1. Estrogen levels prompt generation of new functional layer
2. Glands enlarge and spiral arteries increase in number
What happens in the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
Progesterone levels prompt
Further development of endometrium
Glandular secretion of glycogen
Formation of the cervical mucus plug
What happens if fertilization does not occur?
Corpus luteum degenerates
Progesterone levels fall
Spiral arteries kink and spasm
Endometrial cells begin to die
Spiral arteries constrict again, then relax open wide
Rush of blood fragments weakened capillary beds and the functional layer sloughs
What are the effects of estrogen?
Promote oogenesis and follicle growth
Exert anabolic effects of the female reproductive tract
Support the rapid but short-lived growth spurt at puberty
Induce secondary sex characteristics (breasts, fat deposit (hips and breasts), widening and lightening of the pelvis)
What are the effects of progesterone? During pregnancy?
Works with estrogen to establish and regulate uterine cycle

During Pregnancy:
Inhibits uterine motility
Helps prepare breasts for lactation
In females what lubricates the vestibule?
Vestibular gland secretions
Is orgasm essential for conception?
No.
What is the single most important cause of reproductive disorders?
Sexually transmitted infections (STI's) or STD's
What is Gonorrhea?
Bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts
Spread by contact with genital, anal, and pharyngeal mucosae
What are the signs and symptoms of Gonorrhea in males and females?
Males-
urethritis, painful urination, discharge of pus

Females-
20% display no signs or symptoms
Abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, abnormal uterine bleeding
Can result in pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility
What is the treatment for Gonorrhea?
Antibiotics
Resistant strains are becoming prevalent