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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the primary sex organs?
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Females-ovaries
Males-testes |
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What are the sex hormones in females? Males?
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Females-estrogen, progesterone
Males-testosterone |
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What do the testes produce?
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Sperm
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What does the dartos muscles do?
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Wrinkles the scrotal skin
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What does the cremaster muscles do?
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Elevate the testes
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What are the two tunics that cover the testes?
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Tunica vaginalis, tunica albuginea
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How many lobules are in the testis?
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250
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What are the actual "sperm factories" of the testes?
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Seminiferous tubules
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The seminiferous tubules converge to form what?
What do they deliver to? |
Straight (tubulus) rectus
-Converys sperm into the rete testis |
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From the rete testis, sperm leave the testis through what? And enter what?
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Leave through the efferent ductules
Enter the epididymis |
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Where are sperm stored until ejaculation?
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The epididymis
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What artery supplies the testes?
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The testicular artery
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What vein drains the testes?
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the testicular vein
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What are the 2 major parts of the penis?
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Attached root and free shaft (or body)
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What is the glans penis?
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The enlarged tip of the penis
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What is the skin around the glans penis called?
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Prepuce or foreskin
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What is the removal of prepuce or foreskin called?
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Circumcision
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What surrounds the spongy urethra?
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Corpus spongiosum
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Where do sperm learn the ability to swim and move?
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Epididymus
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What is the ductus deferens or vas deferens?
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Goes from the epididymis into the pelvis cavity
Carries the sperm |
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What are the 3 sections of the urethra in a male?
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1. Prostatic
2. Membranous 3. Spongy |
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Where is the prostate in relations to the bladder?
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Inferior
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What does the prostate do?
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Plays a role in activating sperm
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What are the bulbourethral glands?
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The are below the prostate
Produce clear mucus to lubricate the glans penis |
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What is semen?
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Milky white, somewhat sticky mixture of sperm, testicular fluid, and accessory gland secretions
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Semen contains chemicals that do what to the sperm?
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Activate them and facilitate their movement
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What do prostaglandins do?
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Decrease the viscosity of mucus guarding entry of the uterus and stimulate reverse peristalsis in the uterus (movement through the female reproductive tract)
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What causes the sperm to stick the walls of the vagina?
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Coagulation
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How many sperm are there per millileter?
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20-150 million sperm per millileter
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What is an erection?
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Enlargement and stiffening of the penis
Engorement of the erectile bodies with blood |
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An erection is a rare example of what?
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Parasympathetic control in the arterioles
(stimulation of the bulbourethral glands) |
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During sexual arousal the stimulation of the parasymathetic reflex promotes release of what? What does it do?
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Nitric Oxide (NO)
Relaxes the smooth muscle in the penile blood vessel walls so it can fill with blood |
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The diploid chromosomal number is symbolized how?
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2n
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How many pairs of chromosomes do diploid cells contain?
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23 homologous chromosomes
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What is the product of meiosis?
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4 daughter cells
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The role in the body of mitosis is?
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Producing cells for growth and tissue repair
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The role in the body for meiosis is?
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To introduce genetic variability
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Plant cells only go through what?
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Mitosis
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Name the events of spermatogenesis in order from start to finish?
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1. Spermatogonium
2. Spermatocyte 3. Spermatids 4. Spermatozoa |
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When does spermatogenesis begin?
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Puberty
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What is the acrosome?
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"tip piece" of sperm
Sperm cannot penetrate egg without it |
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What provide energy for the sperm?
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Mitochondria (ATP)
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What regulates hormonal regulation of gamete and gonadal hormone production?
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Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
(HPG axis) |
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Hypothalamus relasease Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) which goes to the anterior pituitary via the blood and releases what 2 hormones?
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1. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
2. Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
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Binding of GnRH to the pitutary cells prompts them to release what?
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FSH and LH
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What is the effect of follicle stimulating hormone?
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Stimulates spermatogenisis by stimulation the sustentacular cells to release androgen-binding protein (ABP)
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What does androgen-binding protein do?
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Keeps the concentration of testosterone in the vicinity of spermatogenic cells high, which in turn stimulate spermatogenisis
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What is the effect of luteinizing hormone (LH)?
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Binds to the interstitial cells in the soft connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules, prodding them to secrete testosterone (which serves as the final trigger for spermatogenesis)
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What does inhibin do?
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Serves as a barometer of the normalcy of spermatogenesis
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What hormones make up the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?
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GnRH
FSH and LH Gonaal Hormones (testosterone and inhibin) |
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What control is the HPG axis under?
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CNS control
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What happens in the absense of GnRH and gonadotropins?
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Testes atrophy and sperm and testosterone production cease
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What does development of male reproductive structures depend on?
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Prenatal secretion of male hormones
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Which is more complicated female or male reproductive system?
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Female
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What are the primary sex organs or gonads?
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Testes- male
ovaries- female |
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What are the accessory reproductive organs?
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ducts, glands, and external genitalia
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What do the sex hormones play a vital role in?
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development and function of reproductive organs, sexual behavior and drives, and growth and development of many other organs and tissues of the body
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The scrotum provides a temperature difference of?
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3 degrees C lower
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What does the dartos muscle do?
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wrinkles the scrotal skin
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What does the cremaster muscle do?
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elevate the testes
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Males external genitalia consists of?
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penis and scrotum
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Penis consists of?
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attached root and free shaft(or body) and the enlarged tip (glans penis)
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What contains the efferent ductules?
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Head of penis
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Which glands produce a bulk of the semen?
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seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, and single prostate
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Seminal gland secretion accounts for what percent of volume of semen?
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70%
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Semen is?
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milky, slightly acid fluid that contains citrate, several enzymes, and prostate specific antigen
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What is the job of prostaglandins in semen?
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to decrease the viscosity of mucus guarding the entry of the uterus and stimulate reverse peristalsis in the uterus
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Alkalinity of semen does what?
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neutralizes the acid environment of the males urethra and the females vagina
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What is the amount of ejaculation?
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2-5 ml, 20-150 million sperm
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Estrogen induces secondary sex characteristics which include?
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growth and breasts, increased deposit of subcutaneous fat, and widening and lightening of the pelvis
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Metabolic effects of estrogen include?
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maintaining low total blood cholesterol and high HDL levels, and facilitates calcium uptake
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Progesterone works with estrogen how?
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to establish and regulate the uterine cycle
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Effects of placental progesterone during pregnancy?
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inhibits uterine motility
helps prepare the breasts for lactation |
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What anchors the ovary medially to the uterus?
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Ovarian ligament
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What anchors the ovaries laterally to the pelvic wall?
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Suspensory ligament
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What suspends the ovary inbetween?
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Mesovarium
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The suspensory ligament and the mesovarium are part of what ligament?
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The broad ligament
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What ligaments enclose the ovarian ligaments?
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The broad ligament
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Each ovary is surrounded externally by what?
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A fibrous tunica albuginea
(germinal epithelium) |
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Each ovarian follicle consists of what?
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Oocyte
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If an oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of cells, what are the cells called?
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Follicle cells
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If an oocyte is surrounded by more than one layer of cells, what are these cells called?
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Granulosa cells
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In primordial follicle, what kind of cells surround the oocyte?
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One layer of squamouslike follicle cells
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What type of cells surround a primary follicle?
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Single layer of cuboidal or columnar follicle cells
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What type of cells surround a secondary follicle?
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Two of more layers of granular cells
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What surrounds a vesicular or Graafian follicle?
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Fluid filled cavity (antrum)
Oocyte sits on granulosa cells |
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After ovulation, the ruptured follicle turns into what?
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Corpus luteum
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What form the initial part of the female duct system?
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Fallopian (uterine) tubes
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What is the usual site of fertilization?
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Ampulla
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What create currents to move oocyte into the uterine tube?
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Fimbrae
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What is the isthmus?
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Constricted region where tube joins uterus
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How is the oocyte carried along in the uterine tubes?
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Peristalsis and ciliary action
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What is the mesosalpinx?
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Mesentery that supports the uterine tube
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What do the cervical glands secrete to block sperm entry?
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Mucus
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What is the mesometrium?
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Laterally supports the uterus
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What secure the uterus to the sacrum?
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Uterosacral ligaments
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What are the three layers of the uterine wall?
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1. Perimetrium
2. Myometrium 3. Endometrium |
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What does the stratum functionalis do?
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Changes in response to ovarian hormone cycles
Shed during menstration |
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What does the stratum basalis do?
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Forms new functionalis layer after menstruation
Unresponsive to ovarian hormones |
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What are the 2 layers of the endometrium in the uterus?
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1. Stratum Functionalis
2. Stratum Basalis |
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What arteries supply the stratum functionalis? Stratum Basalis?
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Spiral arteries -> stratum functionalis
Straight arteries -> stratum basalis |
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What are the layers of the vagina wall?
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1. Fibroelastic Adventitia
2. Smooth muscle muscularis 3. Stratified squamous mucosa with rugae |
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What is the vaginal fornix?
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Upper end of the vagina surrounding the cervix
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What is the mons pubis?
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Fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
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What is the labia majora?
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Hair-covered, fatty skin folds
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What is the labia minora?
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Skin folds lying within labia majora
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How many sweat glands are in the mammary glands?
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15-20 lobes
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What is the areola?
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Pigmented skin around the nipple
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What attach the breast to underlying muscle?
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Suspensory ligaments
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What is the route of milk in the mammary glands?
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Milk -> lactiferous ducts -> lactiferous sinuses -> open to the outside at nipple
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Breast cancer arises from where?
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Epithelial cells of small ducts
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What are risk factors of breast cancer?
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Early onset of menstruation and late menopause
No pregnancies or first pregnancy late in life Family History |
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10% of breast cancers are heredity defects cause by mutation to what genes?
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BRCA1 and BRCA2
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What percent of women with breast cancer have no known risk factors?
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70%
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What is the treatment for breast cancer?
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Radiation
Chemotherapy Surgery followed by irradiation and Chemo |
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What is oogenesis?
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Production of female gametes
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Oogonia mulitiply how?
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Mitosis
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Primary oocytes develop in __________ follicles.
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Primordial
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Primary oocytes begin meiosis, but are stalled in what phase?
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Prophase I
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Each month one oocyte resumes meiosis I and results in what?
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2 haploid cells
1. secondary oocyte 2. first polar body |
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When the secondary oocyte is released what happens if it is NOT penetrated by a sperm?
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Arrested in metaphase II and is ovulated
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When the secondary oocyte is released what happens if it IS penetrated by a sperm?
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Completes meiosis II
Yields: Ovum and second polar body |
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The ovarian cycle has 2 phases, what are they? Describe each
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1. Follicular Phase: when the follicle grows (days 1-14)
2. Luteal Phase: Period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28) [Ovulation occurs midcycle] |
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List the 5 phases of the development of the ovarian follicles.
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1. Primordial Follicle (most abundant)
2. Primary Follicle 3. Secondary Follicle 4. Graafian Follicle (ovulation happens) 5. Corpus Luteum |
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What is mittelschmerz?
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Pain sometimes felt at ovulation
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What percent of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte?
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1-2%
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What happen in the luteal phase is there is a pregnancy?
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Corpus luteum produces hormones until the placenta takes over (about 3 months)
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What happens in the luteal phase is there is no pregnancy?
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The corpus luteum degenerates into a corpus albicans in 10 days.
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To establish ovarian cycle what happens during puberty in a female?
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Ovaries secrete small amounts of estrogen
(inhibits release of GnRH) |
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In females, what happens at puberty?
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Leptin from adipose tissure decreases estrogen inhibition
GnRH, FSH, and LH are released In about 4 years a pattern is achieved |
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What happens during Day 1 of the ovarian cycle?
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GnRH --> release of FSH LH
(increased estrogen levels) inhibit the release of FSH LH stimulate synthesis and storage of FSH and LH enhance further estrogen output |
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There is a sudden surge of what on Day 14 of the ovarian cycle? What are its effects?
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LH:
Completion of meiosis I Triggers ovulation Transforms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum |
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What are the functions of the corpus luteum?
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1. Produces inhibin, progesterone, estrogen
2. these hormones inhibit FSH and LH release |
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Declining LH and FSH ends ________ and inhibits ________.
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1. luteal activity
2. follicle development |
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What happens during days 26-28 of the ovarian cycle?
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Corpus luteum degenerates and ovarian hormone levels drop sharply
(ends the blockade of FSH and LH, cycle starts over) |
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What are the phases of the ovarian cycle?
List Number of days and name of phase |
1. Days 1-5: Menstrual Phase
2. Days 6-14: Proliferative Phase 3. Days 15-28: Secretory Phase |
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What happens during the menstrual phase of the ovarian cycle?
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1. Hormones are at their lowest levels
2. Gonadotropins are beginning to rise 3. Stratum functionalis is shed and the menstrual flow occurs |
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What happens during the proliferative phase of the ovarian cycle?
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1. Estrogen levels prompt generation of new functional layer
2. Glands enlarge and spiral arteries increase in number |
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What happens in the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
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Progesterone levels prompt
Further development of endometrium Glandular secretion of glycogen Formation of the cervical mucus plug |
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What happens if fertilization does not occur?
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Corpus luteum degenerates
Progesterone levels fall Spiral arteries kink and spasm Endometrial cells begin to die Spiral arteries constrict again, then relax open wide Rush of blood fragments weakened capillary beds and the functional layer sloughs |
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What are the effects of estrogen?
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Promote oogenesis and follicle growth
Exert anabolic effects of the female reproductive tract Support the rapid but short-lived growth spurt at puberty Induce secondary sex characteristics (breasts, fat deposit (hips and breasts), widening and lightening of the pelvis) |
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What are the effects of progesterone? During pregnancy?
|
Works with estrogen to establish and regulate uterine cycle
During Pregnancy: Inhibits uterine motility Helps prepare breasts for lactation |
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In females what lubricates the vestibule?
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Vestibular gland secretions
|
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Is orgasm essential for conception?
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No.
|
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What is the single most important cause of reproductive disorders?
|
Sexually transmitted infections (STI's) or STD's
|
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What is Gonorrhea?
|
Bacterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts
Spread by contact with genital, anal, and pharyngeal mucosae |
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What are the signs and symptoms of Gonorrhea in males and females?
|
Males-
urethritis, painful urination, discharge of pus Females- 20% display no signs or symptoms Abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, abnormal uterine bleeding Can result in pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility |
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What is the treatment for Gonorrhea?
|
Antibiotics
Resistant strains are becoming prevalent |