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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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homeostasis |
body balance |
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electrochemical gradient |
the electrical potential and a difference in the chemical concentration across a membrane. |
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natural liking or sympathy
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affinity |
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2nd messenger system that involves plc
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2nd messenger used by pituitary gland |
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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positive membrane potential |
depolarization |
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all or none principle |
action potential triggered or not |
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resting membrane potential in cns |
-70 mv |
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brain relay station |
thalamus |
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stimulus encoding intensity cns |
FREQUENCY CODING Stronger stimulus = higher frequency of action potentials (more action potentials) Stronger stimulus = more receptors are activated |
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transduction |
transportation of stimuli to the central nervous system, when physical signals from the environment are transformed into electrical or neural signals. |
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biogenic amines that are NOT catecholamines |
seratonin hitamine |
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6 steps of communication between synapse |
Action potential arrives at terminal Voltage-gated Ca channels open Calcium triggers exocytosis NT diffuses and binds to receptor Response in cell Response terminated by removing neurotransmitter from synaptic cleft |
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convergence |
A neuron receives communication from many neurons |
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what fibers connect the cortex on the same hemisphere |
Association fibers |
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language construction |
Broca’s area |
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language comprehension |
Wernicke’s area |
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visual processing |
occipital lobe |
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which region of the brain initiates voluntary movement |
primary motor cortex |
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where do efferent neurons that innervate skeletal muscle & induce them to contract originate from the |
ventral horn of spinal cord
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what is not a reflex shown in pavlov's dog |
conditioned cranial automatic polysynaptic spinal* |
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Rapidly-adapting Mechanoreceptors |
Pacinian Corpuscle Meissner’s Corpuscle Hair follicle receptor |
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Slowly-adapting Mechanoreceptors |
Free nerve endings Merkel’s Disks Ruffini’s endings |
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loudness vs pitch |
Amplitude vs Frequency |
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where does transduction of sound waves into neural impulse occur in the ear |
cochlea |
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sensory system that does not need to transmit info into hypothalamus to get to cerebrum |
olfactory |
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primary taste |
sweetness ,sourness, saltiness, bitterness |
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inner circular muscles in the iris are innervated by the _ and causes _ |
parasympathetic system, constriction
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in order to focus light on the retina the lens adjusts its refractive power through a process called |
accomodation |
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correct order of visual communication in the retina |
1 Neurotransmitters are released from rods and cones 2 Communicates with bipolar neurons 3 Bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells 4 Ganglion cell is first cell in pathway to generate action potentials 5 Axons of ganglion cells = cranial nerve II |
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motor unit |
funtional unit of muscle |
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autonomic nervous system controls |
heart, stomach and intestines |
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which of the following is associated with parasympathetic nervous system activity |
include sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, and defecation |
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contribution of sympathetic and parasympathetic to stressed body for homeostasis, which predominates |
sympathetic |
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dual innervation |
both pns & cns innervate |
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preganglionic cells of the pns emerge from what region |
thoracic region |
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parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release sympathetic nervous system releases |
ach
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all motor neurons release what at the neuromuscular junction |
ach |
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troponin is a complex of 3 proteins that bind to what |
1 actin 2 tropomyosin 3 calcium |
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muscle contraction process |
1 Ca++ Exposes actin’s active site 2 ADP and Pi are bound to the ATPase site of myosin head 3 Head is “cocked” 4 Power Stroke 5 Unbinding of myosin and actin 6 Recocking of the Myosin head |
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what 2 critical sites are located on myosin molecule |
actin binding site atp-ase stite |
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what is the function of t tubules |
allow depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell |
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contractile proteins that create the thick & thin fillaments of a sarcomere |
thick- myosin thin- actin |
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region of thick filaments that has no overlap with thin filaments
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h band |
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active sites on actin molecule are exposed and become available to binding only after |
calcium binds to tropomyosin |
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type of contraction in which muscle fibers change length as they produce tension & causes movement of a limb is called |
isotonic |
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part of ecg wave that shows atrial depolarization |
p wave
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accurate statement of pulmonary system carry blood to & from heart & lungs carry blood from blood to tissues |
blood to & from heart & lungs on right side of heart |
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volume of blood ejected from ventricles each cycle |
stroke volume |
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at during which part of the cardiac cycle are the av valves closed and semilunar valves open |
ventricular ejection |
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difference in heart & skeletal muscle
t-tubules release calcium ions striated |
cardiac contains intercolated discs
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what does not lead to total cardiac output |
afterload |
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which alveoli cells in the lungs secretes surfactant which cells are responsible for phagocytosis in lungs |
type 2 nemacytes alveolar macrophages |
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surfactant is a substance that coats the alveolar surface and does what |
reduce surface tension |
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primary way for oxygen to pass from air to blood |
simple difussion |
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how many oxygen atoms can bind to hemoglobin |
4 |
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what can cause a left shift in hemoglobin disassociation curve |
increase in plasma ph |
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what pressure is always negative |
intrapleural pressure |
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with respect to co2 exchange at the lungs which of the following molecules breaks down into co2 and water allowing co2 to pass from blood to alveoli |
carbonic acid H2CO3 |
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which renal structures are sensitive to hormonal regulation |
Distal convoluted ducts, collecting ducts |
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which region of the nephron absorbs most of the filtrate from the renal corpuscle 60-70% |
the PCT
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what substance can be clinically used to assess gfr |
inulin |
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if the clearance of substance y is 70 mL/m which of the following must be true of the renal handling of the substance secreted reabsorbed |
reabsorbed |
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in order to maintain homeostasis the gfr must remain relatively constant, which of the following systems is responsible myogenic regulation tubuloglomerular feedback extrinsic regulation via sympathetic ns |
all |
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which of the renal structures works in returning reabsorbed substances back into general circulation |
peritubular capillaries |
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peristalsis |
movement of smooth muscle |
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juxtaglomerular apparatus describes the unique region of the nephron |
distal tubule contacts the efferent and afferent arteriol –regulates blood volume and blood pressure |
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leptin |
tells body when satiated
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3 phases of gastric control |
cephalic
gastric intestinal |
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trypsinogen is converted into trypsin by |
brush border enzymes |
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what secretes gastrin into the stomach |
g cells |
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function of stomach acidity |
activate pepsinogen denatures & breaks down proteins kills bacteria |
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lipid digestion |
1 starts in the mouth with lingual lipase 2Continues in the stomach with lingual lipase and gastric lipase 3Pancreatic lipase takes over in the small intestine 4 Bile salts act on the fat droplets floating on chyme in the duodenum |
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carbohydrate digestion |
1Starts in the oral cavity via Salivary amylase 2Continues in the small intestines via Pancreatic amylase 3 End product of starch digestion -Disaccharides (maltose) -Limit dextrins (small polysaccarides |
